卷中·水气病脉证并治十四

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(论七首 脉证五条 方八首)

师曰:病有风水、有皮水、有正水、有石水、有黄汗。风水,其脉自浮,外证骨节疼痛,恶风;皮水,其脉亦浮,外证胕肿,按之没指,不恶风,其腹如鼓,不渴,当发其汗;正水,其脉沉迟,外证自喘;石水,其脉自沉,外证腹满不喘;黄汗,其脉沉迟,身发热,胸满,四肢头面肿,久不愈,必致痈脓。

脉浮而洪,浮则为风,洪则为气。风气相搏,风强则为隐疹,身体为痒,痒为泄风,久为痂癞,气强则为水,难以俯仰。风气相击,身体洪肿,汗出乃愈,恶风则虚,此为风水;不恶风者,小便通利,上焦有寒,其口多涎,此为黄汗。

寸口脉沉滑者,中有水气,面目肿大,有热,名曰风水。视人之目窠*上微拥,如蚕新卧起状,其颈脉动,时时咳,按其手足上,陷而不起者,风水。

太阳病,脉浮而紧,法当骨节疼痛,反不疼,身体反重而酸,其人不渴,汗出即愈,此为风水。恶寒者,此为极虚,发汗得之。渴而不恶寒者,此为皮水。身肿而冷,状如周痹,胸中窒,不能食,反聚痛,暮躁不得眠,此为黄汗,痛在骨节。咳而喘,不渴者,此为脾胀,其状如肿,发汗即愈。然诸病此者,渴而下利,小便数者,皆不可发汗。

里水者,一身面目黄肿,其脉沉,小便不利,故令病水。假如小便自利,此亡津液,故令渴也,越婢加术汤主之(方见下)。

趺阳脉当伏,今反紧,本自有寒,疝瘕,腹中痛,医反下之,下之即胸满短气;趺阳脉当伏,今反数,本自有热,消谷,小便数,今反不利,此欲作水。

寸口脉浮而迟,浮脉则热,迟脉则潜,热潜相搏,名目沉;趺阳脉浮而数,浮脉即热,数脉即止,热止相搏,名曰伏;沉伏相搏,名曰水;沉则脉络虚,伏则小便难,虚难相搏,水走皮肤,即为水矣。

寸口脉弦而紧,弦则卫气不行,即恶寒,水不沾流,走于肠间。

少阴脉紧而沉,紧则为痛,沉则为水,小便即难。

脉得诸沉,当责有水,身体肿重。水病脉出者死。

夫水病人,目下有卧蚕,面目鲜泽,脉伏,其人消渴。病水腹大,小便不利,其脉沉绝者,有水,可下之。

问曰:病下利后,渴饮水,小便不利,腹满因肿者,何也?答曰:此法当病水,若小便自利及汗出者,自当愈。

心水者,其身重而少气,不得卧,烦而躁,其人阴肿;肝水者,其腹大,不能自转侧,胁下腹痛,时时津液微生,小便续通;肺水者,其身肿,小便难,时时鸭溏;脾水者,其腹大,四肢苦重,津液不生,但苦少气,小便难;肾水者,其腹大,脐肿腰痛,不得溺,阴下湿如牛鼻上汗,其足逆冷,面反瘦。

师曰:诸有水者,腰以下肿,当利小便;腰以上肿,当发汗乃愈。

师曰:寸口脉沉而迟,沉则为水,迟则为寒,寒水相搏。趺阳脉伏,水谷不化,脾气衰则鹜清,胃气衰则身肿。少阳脉卑,少阴脉细,男子则小便不利,妇人则经水不通,经为血,血不利则为水,名曰血分。

问曰:病者苦水,面目身体四肢皆肿,小便不利,脉之不言水,反言胸中痛,气上冲咽,状如炙肉,当微咳喘。审如师言,其脉何类?师曰:寸口沉而紧,沉为水,紧为寒,沉紧相搏,结在关元,始时当微,年盛不觉。阳衰之后,营卫相干,阳损阴盛,结寒微动,肾气上冲,喉咽塞噎,胁下急痛,医以为留饮而大下之,气击不去,其病不除。后重吐之,胃家虚烦,咽燥欲饮水,小便不利,水谷不化,面目手足浮肿。又以葶苈丸下水,当时如小差,食饮过度,肿复如前,胸胁苦痛,象若奔豚,其水扬溢,则浮咳喘逆。当先攻击冲气令止,乃治咳,咳止,其喘自差。先治新病,病当在后。

风水,脉浮身重,汗出恶风者,防已黄芪汤主之。腹痛者加芍药。

防已黄芪汤方

防己一两 黄芪一两一分 白术三分 甘草半两(炙)

右锉,每服五钱匕,生姜四片,枣一枚,水盏半,煎取八分,去滓,渴服,良久再服。

风水恶风,一身悉肿,脉浮不渴,续自汗出,无大热,越婢汤主之。

越婢汤方

麻黄六两 石膏半斤 生姜三两 大枣十五枚 甘草二两

右五味,以水六升,先煮麻黄,去上沫,内诸药,煮取三升,分温三服。恶风者加附子一枚,炮。风水加术四两。(《古今录验》)

皮水为病,四肢肿,水气在皮肤中,四肢聂聂动者,防已茯苓汤主之。

防已茯苓汤方

防己三两 黄芪三两 桂枝三两 茯苓六两 甘草二两

右五味,以水六升,煮取二升,分温三服。

里水,越婢加术汤主之,甘草麻黄汤亦主之。

赵婢加术汤方(方见上,于内加白术四两,又见脚气中)

甘草麻黄汤方

甘草二两 麻黄四两

右二味,以水五升,先煮麻黄,去上沫,内甘草,煮取三升,温服一升,重复汗出,不汗,再服,慎风寒。

水之为病,其脉沉小,属少阴;浮者为风;无水虚胀者为气;水,发其汗即已。脉沉者宜麻黄附子汤;浮者宜杏子汤。

麻黄附子汤方

麻黄三两 甘草二两 附子一枚(炮)

右三昧,以水七升,先煮麻黄,去上沫,内诸药,煮取二升半,温服八分,日三服。

杏子汤方(未见.恐是麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤)

厥而皮水者,蒲灰散主之(方见消渴中)。

问曰:黄汗之为病,身体肿(一作重),发热汗出而渴,状如风水,汗沾衣,色正黄如药汁,脉自沉,何从得为之?师曰:以汗出入水中浴,水从汗孔入得之,宜芪芍桂酒汤主之。

黄芪芍桂苦酒汤方

黄芪五两 芍药三两 桂枝三两

右三味,以苦酒一升,水七升,相和,煮取三升,温服一升,当心烦,服至六七日乃解。若心烦不止者,以苦酒阻故也(一方用美酒额代苦酒)。

黄汗之病,两胫自冷;假令发热,此属历节。食已汗出,又身常暮盗汗出者,此劳气也,若汗出已,反发热者,久久其身必甲错。发热不止者,必生恶疮。若身重,汗出已辄轻者,久久必身目闰 。目闰 即胸中痛,又从腰以上必汗出,下无汗,腰髋弛痛,如有物在皮中状,剧者不能食,身疼重,烦躁,小便不利,此为黄汗,桂枝加黄芪汤主之。

桂枝加黄芪汤方

桂枝三两 芍药三两 甘草二两 生姜三两 大枣十二枚 黄芪二两

右六味,以水八升,煮取三升,温服一升,须臾饮热稀粥一升余,以助药力,温服取微汗;若不汗,更取。

师曰:寸口脉迟而涩,迟则为寒,涩为血不足。趺阳脉微而迟,微则为气,迟则为寒。寒气不足,则手足逆冷;手足逆冷则营卫不利;营卫不利,则腹满肠*鸣相逐,气转膀胱,荣卫俱劳;阳气不通即身冷,阴气不通即骨疼;阳前通则恶寒,阴前通则痹不仁;阴阳相得,其气乃行,大气一转,其气乃散;实则失气,虚则遗尿,名曰气分。

气分,心下坚大如盘,边如旋杯,水饮所作,桂枝去芍药加麻辛附子汤主之。桂姜草枣黄辛附子汤方

桂枝三两 生姜三两 甘草二两 大枣十二枚 麻黄二两 细辛二两 附于一枚(炮)

右七味,以水七升,煮麻黄,去上沫,内诸药,煮取二升,分温三服,当汗出,如虫行皮中,即愈。

心下坚大如盘,边如旋盘,水饮所作,枳术汤主之。

枳术汤方

枳实七枚 白术二两

右二味,以水五升,煮取三升,分温三服,腹中软,即当散也。

附方

《外台》防已黄芪汤 治风水,脉浮为在表,其人或头汗出,表无他病,病者但下重,从腰以上为和,腰以下当肿及阴,难以屈伸(方见风湿中)。

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