卷六 乐律二

沈括 Ctrl+D 收藏本站

前世遗事,时有于古人文章中见之。元稹诗有“琵琶宫调八十一,三调弦中弹不出。”琵琶共有八十四调,盖十二律各七均,乃成八十四调。稹诗言“八十一调”,人多不喻所谓。余于金陵丞相家得唐贺怀智《琵琶谱》一册,其序云:“琵琶八十四调。内黄钟、太蔟、林钟宫声,弦中弹不出,须管色定弦。其余八十一调,皆以此三调为準,更不用管色定弦。”始喻稹诗言。如今之调琴,须先用管色“合”字定宫弦下生徵,徵弦上生商,上下相生,终于少商。凡下生者隔二弦,上生者隔一弦取之。凡弦声皆当如此。古人仍须以金石为準,《商颂》“依我磬声”是也。今人苟简,不復以弦管定声,故其高下无準,出于临时。怀智《琵琶谱》调格,与今乐全不同。唐人乐学精深,尚有雅律遗法。今之燕乐,古声多亡,而新声大率皆无法度。乐工自不能言其义,如何得其声和?今教坊燕乐,比律高二均弱。“合”字比太蔟微下,却以“凡”字当宫声,比宫之清微高。外方乐尤无法,求体又高教坊一均以来。唯北狄乐声,比教坊乐下二均。大凡北人衣冠文物,多用唐俗,此乐疑亦唐之遗声也。
古代的逸事,有时候在古人的文章中也可以看到。元稹有句诗说“琵琶宫调八十一,三调弦中弹不出。”琵琶共有八十四调,大概是十二律每一律各有七韵,一共是八十四调。元稹的诗说“八十一调”,人们大多都不明白他这么说是什么意思。我在金陵丞相家获得唐朝贺怀智一册《琵琶谱》,它的序言说:“琵琶八十四调。内黄钟、太蔟、林钟宫声,弦中弹不出,须管色定弦。其余八十一调,皆以此三调为准,更不用管色定弦。”看到这个才明白元稹诗句中所说的如同今天的调琴,要先用管色“合”字确定宫弦,然后以宫弦下生徵,徵弦上生商,上下相生,直到少商。但凡下生的隔二弦,上生的隔一弦取之。凡是弦声都应当如此。古人都须要以金石乐器为定音标准,《商颂》“依我磬声”说的就是这一情形。今天的人贪图省事,不再用弦管乐器定声,所以声音的高低没有定准,都是临时调配。贺怀智《琵琶谱》中的调格,与今乐完全不同。唐人乐学精深,还保留有古乐的雅律遗法。今天的燕乐中,古声大多亡佚,而新声大抵都没有法度。乐工自身都不能讲明白乐中的道理,如何能让他们的音乐和谐呢?

今之燕乐二十八调,布在十一律,唯黄钟、中吕、林钟三律,各具宫、商、角、羽四音;其余或有一调至二三调,独蕤宾一律都无。内中管仙吕调,乃是蕤宾声,亦不正当本律。其间声音出入,亦不全应古法。略可配合而已。如今之中吕宫,却是古夹钟宫;南吕宫,乃古林钟宫;今林钟商,乃古无射宫;今大吕调,乃古林钟羽。虽国工亦莫能知其所因。
今天教坊的燕乐比唐律高二律稍弱。“合”字比太蔟略低,却以“凡”字当宫声,比黄钟清宫稍高。中原以外的音乐尤其没有法度,大体上又比教坊的高一律多。唯独北狄的乐声,比教坊乐低二律。大致北方人的服饰器物多采用唐代的风俗,这种音乐怀疑也是唐代音乐的残留。

十二律并清宫,当有十六声。今之燕乐止有十五声。盖今乐高于古乐二律以下,故无正黄钟声,只以“合”字当大吕,犹差高,当在大吕、太蔟之间,“下四”字近蔟,“高四”字近夹钟,“下一”字近姑洗,“高一”字近中吕,“上”字近蕤宾;“勾”字近林钟,“尺”字近夷则,“工”字近南吕,“高工”字近无射,“六”字近应钟,“下凡”字为黄钟清。“高凡”字为太吕清,“下五”字为太蔟清,“高五”字为夹钟清。法虽如此,然诸调杀声,不能尽归本律,故有偏杀、侧杀、寄杀、元杀之类。虽与古法不同,推之亦皆有理。知声者皆能言之,此不备载也。
今天的燕乐二十八调分布在十一律上,唯独黄钟、中吕、林钟三律各自具有宫、商、角、羽四音;其余的律有的有一调,有的有二三调,唯独蕤宾这一律一调都没有。其中的管仙吕调是蕤宾声,但也不算是本律。这二十八调中的声音也有出入,不完全符合从前的法度。仅是大体上可以配合而已。比如今天的中吕宫,却是古代的夹钟宫;南吕宫是古代的林钟宫;今天的林钟商是古代的夷则商;今天的南吕调,是古代的林钟羽。即使是全国最优秀的乐工也不清楚其中的缘由。

古法,钟磬每虡十六,乃十六律也。然一虡又自应一律,有黄钟之虡,有大吕之虡,其他乐皆然。且以琴言之,虽皆清实,其间有声重者,有声轻者。材中自有五音,故古人名琴,或谓之清徵。或谓之清角。不独五音也,又应诸调。余友人家有一琵琶,置之虚室,以管色奏双调,琵琶弦辄有声应之,奏他调则不应,宝之以为异物,殊不知此乃常理。二十八调但有声同者即应;若遍二十八调而不应,则是逸调声也。古法,一律有七音,十二律共八十四调。更细分之,尚不止八十四,逸调至多。偶在二十八调中,人见其应,则以为怪,此常理耳。此声学至要妙处也。今人不知此理,故不能极天地至和之声。世之乐工,弦上音调尚不能知,何暇及此?
十二律加上清宫,应当有十六声。今天的燕乐只有十五声。大概今乐比古乐高二律稍弱,所以没有正黄钟声,只认“合”字当大吕,仍然偏高,本应当在大吕、太蔟之间,“下四”字近太蔟,“高四”字近夹钟,“下一”字近姑洗,“高一”字近中吕,“上”字近蕤宾,“勾”字近林钟,“尺”字近夷则,“下工”字近南吕,“高工”字近无射,“下凡”字近应钟,“下凡”字为黄钟清。“高凡”字为大吕清,“下五”字为太蔟清,“高五”字为夹钟清。法度虽然如此,然而各调中的杀声,不能完全规划本律,所以有偏杀、侧杀、寄杀、元杀之类。虽然与古代的法度不同,推敲它也自有道理。通晓音乐的人都能把它讲明白,这里就不一一记载了。

0.1234
基本信息
SQL
$_GET
$_POST
$_COOKIE
包含文件
自动加载
  1. 模型: /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/model/
  2. 视图: /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/view/abc/book_chapter.htm
  3. 控制器: /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/control/show_control.class.php
  4. 日志目录: /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/log/
  5. 当前页面: /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/index.php
  6. 当前时间: 2024-11-21 23:27:28
  7. 当前网协: 18.188.175.66
  8. 请求路径: /guji/225_b15648.html
  9. 运行时间: 0.1234
  10. 内存开销: 4.47 MB
  1. #0 [time:0.0002s] SELECT * FROM le_runtime WHERE k='cfg' LIMIT 1
  2. #1 [time:0.0002s] SELECT * FROM le_zuci_tag_cate WHERE tagcid='1' OR tagcid='2' OR tagcid='3' OR tagcid='4' OR tagcid='5' OR tagcid='6' OR tagcid='7' OR tagcid='8' OR tagcid='9' OR tagcid='10' OR tagcid='11' OR tagcid='12'
  3. #2 [time:0.0002s] SELECT * FROM le_only_alias WHERE alias='225_b15648' LIMIT 1
  4. #3 [time:0.0004s] SELECT * FROM le_cms_book WHERE id='225' LIMIT 1
  5. #4 [time:0.0024s] SELECT * FROM le_runtime WHERE k='cate_77' LIMIT 1
  6. #5 [time:0.0145s] SELECT * FROM le_cms_book_chapter WHERE chapterid='15648' LIMIT 1
  7. #6 [time:0.0004s] SELECT * FROM le_models WHERE mid='10' LIMIT 1
  8. #7 [time:0.0003s] SELECT * FROM le_user WHERE uid='1' LIMIT 1
  9. #8 [time:0.0002s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_chengyu' LIMIT 1
  10. #9 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_cidian' LIMIT 1
  11. #10 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_zidian' LIMIT 1
  12. #11 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_mingju' LIMIT 1
  13. #12 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_shiwen' LIMIT 1
  14. #13 [time:0.0002s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_zaoju' LIMIT 1
  15. #14 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='le_zuci' LIMIT 1
  16. #15 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='zuci_tag_cate_77' LIMIT 1
  17. #16 [time:0.0003s] SELECT * FROM le_cms_book_data WHERE id='225' LIMIT 1
  18. #17 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_cms_book_chapter WHERE chapterid='15647'
  19. #18 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_cms_book_chapter WHERE chapterid='15649'
  20. #19 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_cms_book_chapter WHERE chapterid='15672'
  21. #20 [time:0.0001s] SELECT * FROM le_kv WHERE k='navigate' LIMIT 1
  1. #control => show
  2. #action => book
  3. #cid => 77
  4. #id => 225
  5. #chapterid => 15648
    1. #fikker-61vm-nk2N => MgPGRI6oXLV7DSLWJk4y6wNi63F1ZE0E
    2. #leO53r1_book_history => 238cJf0N9CEqodhxPFMcXxD9bmZyjrCSHWs+P3t6AeBfytLRlZ64CkVMwu0
    1. #0 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/index.php
    2. #1 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/xiunophp.php
    3. #2 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/config/config.inc.php
    4. #3 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/base.func.php
    5. #4 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/core.class.php
    6. #5 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/debug.class.php
    7. #6 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/log.class.php
    8. #7 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/model.class.php
    9. #8 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/view.class.php
    10. #9 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/lib/control.class.php
    11. #10 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/db/db.interface.php
    12. #11 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/db/db_pdo_mysql.class.php
    13. #12 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/cache/cache.interface.php
    14. #13 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/cache/cache_memcache.class.php
    15. #14 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/ext/network/Network__interface.php
    16. #15 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/config/plugin.inc.php
    17. #16 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/cate_content_url/conf.php
    18. #17 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/cate_content_url_nosuffix/conf.php
    19. #18 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/content2word/conf.php
    20. #19 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/database/conf.php
    21. #20 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/editor_sd/conf.php
    22. #21 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/feedback/conf.php
    23. #22 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_book/conf.php
    24. #23 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_chengyu/conf.php
    25. #24 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_cidian/conf.php
    26. #25 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_data_table_split/conf.php
    27. #26 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_hook/conf.php
    28. #27 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_html_cache/conf.php
    29. #28 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_kind/conf.php
    30. #29 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_mingju/conf.php
    31. #30 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_rand404content/conf.php
    32. #31 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_shiwen/conf.php
    33. #32 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_sitemaps_pro_v303/conf.php
    34. #33 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_spider/conf.php
    35. #34 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_spider_access/conf.php
    36. #35 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_view_original/conf.php
    37. #36 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_website_group/conf.php
    38. #37 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_zaoju/conf.php
    39. #38 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_zidian/conf.php
    40. #39 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/le_zuci/conf.php
    41. #40 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/log/conf.php
    42. #41 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/mingju_fav/conf.php
    43. #42 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/mingju_zan/conf.php
    44. #43 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/models_filed/conf.php
    45. #44 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/shici_favorites/conf.php
    46. #45 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/shici_likes/conf.php
    47. #46 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/shiwen_favorites/conf.php
    48. #47 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/sitemaps_pro/conf.php
    49. #48 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_chengyu/conf.php
    50. #49 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_cidian/conf.php
    51. #50 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_mingju/conf.php
    52. #51 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_shiwen/conf.php
    53. #52 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_sys/conf.php
    54. #53 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_zaoju/conf.php
    55. #54 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_zidian/conf.php
    56. #55 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/subpage_zuci/conf.php
    57. #56 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/title_pic/conf.php
    58. #57 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/plugin/zuci_tag_cate/conf.php
    59. #58 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/misc.func.php
    60. #59 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/core_lang/zh-cn.php
    61. #60 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lang/zh-cn.php
    62. #61 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_control/parseurl_control.class.php
    63. #62 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/runtime_model.class.php
    64. #63 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/zuci_tag_cate_model.class.php
    65. #64 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/only_alias_model.class.php
    66. #65 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_control/show_control.class.php
    67. #66 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_control/base_control.class.php
    68. #67 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/user_model.class.php
    69. #68 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/urls_model.class.php
    70. #69 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/spider_model.class.php
    71. #70 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/cms_content_model.class.php
    72. #71 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/category_model.class.php
    73. #72 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/cms_book_chapter_model.class.php
    74. #73 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_view/abc,book_chapter.htm.php
    75. #74 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/models_model.class.php
    76. #75 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/cms_content_data_model.class.php
    77. #76 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/cms_content_tag_model.class.php
    78. #77 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/ext/image.class.php
    79. #78 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/runcache/lecms_model/kv_model.class.php
    80. #79 /www/wwwroot/www.89ck.com/lecms/xiunophp/tpl/sys_trace.php
    1. #0 image 类