卷八 象数二

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历法,天有黄、赤二道,月有九道。此皆强名而已,非实有也。亦由天之有三百六十五度,天何尝有度?以日行三百六十五日而一期,强谓之度,以步日月五星行次而已。日之所由,谓之黄道;南北极之中,度最均处,谓之赤道。月行黄道之南,谓之朱道;行黄道之北,谓之黑道。黄道之东,谓之青道;黄道之西,谓之白道。黄道内外各四,并黄道为九。日月之行,有迟有速,难可以一术御也。故因其合散,分为数段,每段以一色名之,欲以别算位而已。如算法用赤筹、黑筹,以别正负之数。历家不知其意,遂以谓实有九道,甚可嗤也。
历法上,天球有黄、赤二道,月球上则有九道。这些都是人为其命名的,并非是天体实际的运行轨道。就好比人们认为天有三百六十五度,天又何尝有度数?因为太阳每运行三百六十天而成一个周期,所以强称之为“度”,不过是为了测算日、月、五星的运行方位而已。太阳所运行的轨道,叫做“黄道”;天球南、北极之间最正中的纬线圈,叫做“赤道”。月亮行经黄道之南,叫做“朱道”;行经黄道之北,叫做“黑道”;行经黄道之东,叫做“青道”;行经黄道之西,叫做“白道”。黄道内外各有四条轨道,并黄道而为九道。太阳和月亮的运行有快有慢,难以用一种方法来应对测量。所以根据它们的会合与离散,分为几个区间,每个区间用一种颜色命名,欲以区别测算的方位而已。有如算法上用赤筹、黑筹来区别正数和负数。历法家不明白这种命名的用意,于是便认为月亮确实有九道,这真是可笑。

予尝考古今历法五星行度,唯留逆之际最多差。自内而进者,其退必向外;自外而进者,其退必由内。其迹如循柳叶,两末锐,中间往还之道,相去甚远。故两未星行成度稍迟,以其斜行故也;中间成度稍速,以其径绝故也。历家但知行道有迟速,不知道径又有斜直之异。熙宁中,予领太史令,怀朴造历,气逆已正,但五星未有候簿可验。前世修历,多只增损旧历而已,未曾实考天度。其法须测验每夜昏、晓、夜半月及五星所在度秒,置簿录之,满五年,其间剔去云阴及昼见日数外,可得三年实行,然后以算术缀之。古所谓“缀术”者,此也。是时司天历官,皆承世族,隶名食禄,本无知历者,恶朴之术过已,群沮之,屡起大狱。虽终不能摇朴,而候簿至今不成。《奉元历》五星步术,但增损旧历,正其甚谬处,十得五六而已。朴之历术,今古未有,为群历人所沮,不能尽其艺,惜哉。
我曾经查考古今各种历法,发现有关五星运行的数据,以五星稽留和逆行之际误差最多。五星自黄道以北向北前行的,它们的退行必然要趋向黄道以南;自黄道以南向南前行的,它们的退行必然要进入黄道以北。五星的轨迹如同沿着柳叶运行的椭圆形,两头尖锐,中间往返的路径之间相距很远。所以在轨迹的两头,五星的运行速度稍慢,这是由于它们斜行的缘故;在轨迹的中间部分,则五星的运行速度稍快,这是由于它们直行的缘故。以往历家只知道它们的运行有慢有快,而不知道它们行经的轨道还有斜直的差异。熙宁年间,我担任太史令,聘卫朴制定历法,节气等已经修正,但五星部分没有观测记录可供检验。前世修订历法,大都只是增损旧历的文字而成,并没有实际观测天象。观测的方法,必须是每天的黄昏、夜半和拂晓时分,都测验月亮及五星所在的度数和时刻,专置记录簿记录下来,满五年,其间除去阴天及五星白天出现的天数,可得累计三年天数的五星实际运行数据,然后综合这些数据加以运算,此即古人所称的“缀术”。当时司天监的历官都是继承家族职业来的,徒隶名籍而坐吃俸禄,本无真懂历法的人,这些人妒忌卫朴的本领超过自己,遂群起攻击破坏,屡欲制造大案陷害卫朴;虽终不能动摇卫朴的制历使命,而天文观测记录至今无成。《奉元历》的五星推步方法,还是只增损旧历,纠正其特别谬误之处十之五六,仅此而已。卫朴的制历技术,古今无人能超过,而为一群历人所阻挠,不能尽其才能,可惜啊!

国朝置天文院于禁中,设漏刻、观天台、铜浑仪,皆如司天监,与司天监互检察。每夜天文院具有无谪见、云物、祯祥,及当夜星次,须令于皇城门未发前到禁中。门发后,司天占状方到,以两司奏状对勘,以防虚伪。近歳皆是阴相计会,符同写奏,习以为常,其来已久,中外具知之,不以为怪。其日月五星行次,皆只据小历所算躔度誊奏,不曾占候,有司但备员安禄而已。熙宁中,予领太史,尝按发其欺,免官者六人。未几,其弊復如故。
宋朝将天文院设置在皇宫内,设有漏刻、观天台、铜浑仪,都和司天监一样,和司天监相互检验查验。每天晚上天文院都要记录下星云的变换情况、星云的颜色、吉祥的征兆以及当天晚上五星运行的位置等,而且必须在皇城门还没有打开之前送往宫中。皇城门打开之后,司天监的星象监测结果才送达宫中,然后再把这两个机构的监测结果相互对比检验,以此来防止弄虚作假的现象。近些年来这两个部门都是私下里商议好,将上奏的结果都写的一模一样,并都习以为常,这样的做法已经很久了,宫内宫外都知道,并不为此感到奇怪。他们所上奏的日月五星运行的位置,都只是根据民间的历法来推算出来的日月五星的运行度数,都不曾进行过实际的监测,有相关部门只是安置了人员空享俸禄罢了。熙宁年间,我任职太史令,曾经揭发了他们的欺骗行为,被因此免官的有六个人。没多久,这种弊病就又和之前一样了。

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