卷十五 艺文二

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切韵之学,本出于西域。汉人训字,止曰“读如某字”,未用反切。然古语已有二声合为一字者,如“不可”为“叵”,“何不”为“盍”,“如是”为“尔”,“而已”为“耳”“之乎”为“诸”之类,以西域二合之音,盖切字之原也。如“朿”字文从而、犬,亦切音也。殆与声俱生,莫知从来。
切韵这门学术,发源于西域语言学。汉代学者为汉字注音,只称“读如某字”,还未曾用过反切的方法。然而古汉语中已有用两个字的发音拼合成一个字的,如“不可”拼合成“叵”字、“何不”拼合成“盍”字、“如是”拼合成“尔”字、“而已”拼合成“耳”字、“之乎”拼合成“诸”字之类,用的都是西域以两个音(声母和韵母)拼合成一个字的方法,这大概就是反切注音的源头。又如“輭”字,右旁由“而”、“犬”合成而表字音,也是一种拼音。大约拼音是和语言一起产生的,人们无从知道它们起于哪个时代。

文潞公归洛日,年七十八。同时有中散大夫程煦、朝议大夫司马旦、司封郎中致仕席汝言,皆年七十八。尝为同甲会,各赋诗一首。潞公诗曰:“四人三百十二歳,况是同生丙午年。招得梁园为赋客,合成商岭采芝仙。清谈亹亹风盈席,素发飘飘雪满肩。此会从来诚未有,洛中应作画图传。”晚唐、五代间,士人作赋用事,亦有甚工者。如江文蔚《天窗赋》:“一窍初启,如凿开混沌之时;两瓦鴥飞,类化作鸳鸯之后。”又《土牛赋》:“饮渚俄临,讶盟津之捧塞;度饦倘许,疑函谷之丸封”。
文潞公致仕回洛阳时,高年七十八,同时有中散大夫程珦、朝议大夫司马旦、致仕司封郎中席汝言,都是七十八岁。四人曾举行同甲会,各赋诗一首。潞公诗说:“四人三百十二岁,况是同生丙午年。招得梁园为赋客,合成商岭采芝仙。清谭亹亹风盈席,素发飘飘雪满肩。此会从来诚未有,洛中应作画图传。”

河中府鹳雀楼,三层,前瞻中条,下瞰大河。唐人留诗者甚多,唯李益、王之奂、畅诸三篇能状其景。李益诗曰:“鹳雀楼西百尺墙,汀洲云树共茫茫。汉家箫鼓随流水,魏国山河半夕阳。事去千年犹恨速,秋来一日即知长。风烟并在思归处,远目非春亦自伤。”王之奂诗曰:“白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。”畅诸诗曰:“迥临飞鸟上,高出世尘间,天势围平野,河流入断山。”
河中府的三层鹳雀楼,前望中条山,下瞰黄河,唐人在此留诗的很多,而只有李益、王之涣、畅诸的三篇诗最能描绘出登楼的景象情怀。李益诗说:“鹳雀楼西百尺墙,汀洲云树共茫茫。汉家箫鼓随流水,魏国山河半夕阳。事去千年犹恨速,愁来一日即知长。风烟并在思归处,远目非春亦自伤。”王之涣诗说:“白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。”畅诸诗说:“迥临飞鸟上,高出世尘间。天势围平野,河流入断山。”

欧阳文忠好推挽后学。王向少时为三班奉职,干当滁州一镇,时文忠守滁州。有书生为学子不行束脩,自往诣之,学子闭门不接。书生讼于向,向判其牒曰:“礼闻来学,不闻往教。先生既已自屈,弟子宁不少高?盍二物以收威,岂两辞而造狱?”书生不直向判,径持牒以见欧公。公一阅,大称其才,遂为之延誉奖进,成就美名,卒为闻人。
欧阳修欧阳文忠公(修)喜欢提携好学的年轻人。王向年轻时以三班奉职的衔名,管理滁州一个镇的公事,当时文忠公为滁州知州。有个教书的儒生因为学生不交学费入学,就亲自到学生叫授课,结果学生关着门不接纳。儒生就找王向递状子告这个学生,王向在他的状子上批写判词说:“自古礼数,只听说过学生来学的,没听说过要先生去教的。先生既然已经屈尊前往,弟子又怎能不会慢待师道?何不行罚以收回你的师尊,哪用双方争竞来对簿公堂!”儒生以为王向的判决不公正,就直接拿着状子去找欧公。欧公一看王向的判词,对他的才华大为称赏,因而为他传布名誉,鼓励他进取,终于让他功成名就,成为了名人。

枣与棘相类,皆有刺。枣独生,高而少横枝;棘列生,痹而成林;以此为别,其文皆从朿音刺,木芒刺也。朿而相戴立生者枣也。朿而相比横生者棘也。不识二物者,观文可辨。
枣树与酸枣树很相似,都有刺。枣树是单株独生的,树干高且枝丫少;酸枣树是多株丛生,树干低并且枝干很多,这就是它们的区别。枣和棘的字形都从“朿”,读作“刺”,是“树木所长的芒刺”的意思。树木的枝条一层层往上长的,就是枣树;枝条丛生、相互紧挨着长成一片的,就是酸枣树。不认识这两种树的人,看看文字的字形也就能够辨别了。

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