卷二十六 药议

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古方言“云母粗服,则著人肝肺不可去”。如枇杷、狗脊毛不可食,皆云“射入肝肺”。世俗似此之论甚多,皆谬说也。又言“人有水喉、食喉、气喉”者,亦谬说也。世传《欧希范真五脏图》,亦画三喉,盖当时验之不审耳。水与食同咽,岂能就口中遂分入二喉?人但有咽、有喉二者而已。咽则纳饮食,喉则通气。咽则咽入胃脘,次入胃中,又次入广肠,又次入大小肠;喉则下通五脏,为出入息。五脏之含气呼吸,正如治家之鼓鞴。人之饮食药饵,但自咽入肠胃,何尝能至五脏?凡人之肌骨、五脏、肠胃虽各别,其入肠之物,英精之气味,皆能洞达,但滓秽即入二肠。凡人饮食及服药既入肠,为真气所蒸,英精之气味,以至金石之精者,如细妍硫黄、朱砂、乳石之类,凡能飞走融结者,皆随真气洞达肌骨,犹如天地之气,贯穿金石土木,曾无留碍。自馀顽石草木,则但气味洞达耳。及其势尽,则滓秽传入大肠,润湿渗入小肠,此皆败物,不復能变化,惟当退洩耳。凡所谓某物入肝,某物入肾之类,但气味到彼耳,凡质岂能至彼哉?此医不可不知也。
古代的药方书上说,云母不经过加工就直接服用,便会附着到人的肝肺上去不掉。譬如枇杷和狗脊,有绒毛而不可食,都说它们的绒毛吃下去会刺入肝肺。世俗类似这样的言论很多,都是荒谬的说法。又说人有水喉、食喉、气喉三个喉咙,也是荒谬的言论。世上流传的《欧希范真五脏图》,也把人的喉咙画成三个,大概当时解剖检验得不仔细。水与食物一同下咽,怎么能就在口中分开而咽入两个喉咙呢?人只是有咽有喉这两者而已,咽是用来输送饮食的,喉则用来通气。咽输送饮食是先咽入食管,其次进入胃中,又其次进入广肠,又其次入大小肠;喉则下通五脏,用来吸气和呼气。五脏包含气体而有呼有吸,正如冶炼用的鼓风的革囊;人的饮食和服用的药饵,则只是从咽部进入肠胃,又何尝能到五脏?人的肌骨、五脏、肠胃虽各有分别,而凡是进入肠胃的食物和药物,它们的精华部分都能畅通无阻地到达身体的各处,只有渣滓和秽物进入大小肠。人的饮食及服用的药饵既入肠胃,为人体的精气所蒸化,其精华部分以至金石之物的精华成分——如经过精细加工的硫黄、朱砂、钟乳石之类——凡是能够流动融合的,都随着精气畅达肌骨,犹如天地间的精气贯通金、石、土木等万物,从未有滞留和阻碍;其余的不能被精气所蒸化的部分,譬之顽石、草、木,则只是某些气味随着精气畅达各处,及其气味的功能也用尽,就变成渣滓和秽物传入大肠,又润湿渗透于小肠,这些都是废物,不能再转变消化,只能被排泄出去。凡是所谓某物入肝、某物入肾之类的话,只是说它的气味到达了那一器官,构成某物的物质又怎能到达那里呢?这是医家所不能不了解的。

古法采草药多用二月、八月,此殊未当。但二月草已芽,八月苗未枯,采掇者易辩识耳,在药则未为良时。大率用根者,若有宿根,须取无茎叶时采,则津泽皆归其根。欲验之,但取芦菔、地黄辈观,无苗时采,则实而沉;有苗时采,则虚而浮。其无宿根者,即候苗成而未有花时采,则根生已足而又未衰。如今之紫草,未花时采,则根色鲜泽;花过而采,则根色黯恶,此其效也。用叶者取叶初长足时,用芽者自从本说,用花者取花初敷时,用实者成实时采。皆不可限以时月。缘土气有早晚,天时有愆伏。如平地三月花者,深山中则四月花。白乐天《游大林寺》诗云:“人间四月芳菲尽,山寺桃花始盛开。”盖常理也,此地势高下之不同也。始筀竹笋,有二月生者,有三四月生者,有五月方生者,谓之晚筀;稻有七月熟者,有八九月熟者,有十月熟者,谓之晚稻。一物同一畦之间,自有早晚,此物性之不同也。岭、峤微草,凌冬不凋,并、汾乔木,望秋先陨;诸越则桃李冬实,朔漠则桃李夏荣,此地气之不同。一亩之稼,则粪溉者先牙;一丘之禾,是后种者晚实,此人力之不同也。岂可一切拘以定月哉!
按传统的习惯,采草药多在二月、八月,这十分不恰当。只不过二月草已发芽,八月草叶未枯,采集的人容易辨识罢了,在药性上都不是好时候。大抵用根入药的,如果有隔年生的根,应该在尚无茎叶的时候采集,这时汁液都在根上。想验证这一点的话,只要观察一下芦服、地黄一类就知道,无茎叶时采来的就结结实实而沉甸甸的;有茎叶时采来的则空落落而轻飘飘的。那些没有隔年生的根的,就等到茎叶长成而还没有开花时采集,这时的根已经充分生成而又未衰退。如现在用的紫草根,未开花时采集的就颜色鲜亮有光泽;花谢了之后再采集的就颜色黯淡而粗糙,这就是证明。用叶入药的,要在叶刚长得充分时采集;用芽入药的,可以依从过去的说法;用花入药的,要在花刚刚开放时采集;用籽实入药的,要在籽或果成实时采集:这些都不可限定时月。因为土气有早晚,天时有失常,如平地三月开花的,在深山则四月开花。白乐天(居易)的《游大林寺》诗说:“人间四月芳菲尽,山寺桃花始盛开。”这差不多是常理。这是由地势高下的不同引起的。又如筀竹笋,有二月份生的,有三四月份生的;还有五月份才生的,叫做晚筀。水稻也有七月份熟的,有八九月份熟的;还有十月份熟的,叫做晚稻。同一种作物以及同一块地的作物之间,成熟都各有早晚,这是由物性的不同引起的。五岭以南的小草隆冬季节也不凋零,并汾地区的乔木临近秋天已先落叶,南方百越之地的桃李冬天结果,北方荒漠的桃李则夏天开花,这是由地气之不同引起的。同一亩地的庄稼得施肥灌溉的先发芽,同一丘坡的谷物后种的晚结实,这是由人力的不同引起的。怎么能一切都拘泥于固定的月份呢?

太阴玄精,生解州盐泽大中,沟渠土内得之。大者如杏叶,小者如鱼鳞,悉皆六角,端正如刻,正如龟甲。其裙襴小堕,其前则下剡,其后则上剡,正如穿山甲相掩之处全是龟甲,更无异也。色绿而莹彻;叩之则直理而折,莹明如鉴;折处亦六角,如柳叶。火烧过则悉解折,薄如柳叶,片片相离,白如霜雪,平治可爱。此乃禀积阴之气凝结,故皆六角。今天下所用玄精,乃绛州山中所出绛石耳,非玄精也。楚州盐城古盐仓下土中,又有一物,六棱,如马牙硝,清莹如水晶,润泽可爱,彼方亦各太阴玄精,然喜暴润,如盐碱之类。唯解州所出者为正。
太阴玄精石,形成于解州盐泽含盐量很高的卤水地中,在这里沟渠内的土中能够找到。大的如杏叶,小的像鱼鳞,全都是六角的,端正得像是刻出来的,形状很像龟甲。其中部两边突出的部分稍微下落,前端的斜面向下,后端的斜面向上,正如穿山甲的背甲与腹甲相遮掩之处,完全是龟甲的形状,几乎没有差异。其颜色是绿的,而晶莹透彻;敲打它就会沿着笔直的纹理折断,透明得像镜子,而折断处的截面也是像柳叶那样的六角形。如果用火来烧,它就会全都分解成薄片而折断,薄如柳叶,一片一片分离,白如霜雪,平滑光洁,令人喜爱。这是禀受久积的阴气凝结而成的,所以都是六角。如今天下所用的玄精石,不过是绛州山中所出的绛石,并不是玄精石。在楚州盐城古盐仓下面的土中还见到一种东西,六个棱,像马牙硝,清莹如同水晶,也润泽可爱。那里的人们也叫它太阴玄精石,然而这种东西喜欢露出地面受潮,如同盐碱之类,只有解州所出产的才是正宗的玄精石。

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