卷二十九 补笔谈卷三

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地理之书,古人有《飞鸟图》,不知何人所为。所谓“飞鸟”者,谓虽有四至里数,皆是循路步之,道路迂直而不常,既列为图,则里步无缘相应,故按图别量径直四至,如空中鸟飞直达,更无山川回屈之差。余尝为《守令图》,虽以二寸折百里为分率,又立準望、牙融、傍验、高下、方斜、迂直七法,以取鸟飞之数。图成,得方隅远近之实,始可施此法,分四至、八到为二十四至,以十二支、甲乙丙丁庚辛壬癸八干、乾坤艮巽四卦名之。使后世图虽亡,得予此书,按二十四至以布郡县,立可成图,毫发无差矣。
地理书籍中,记载古人有一种“飞鸟图”,不知是什么人制作的。所谓“飞鸟”,指的是过去的地理书虽记有四至的里数,而都是沿着相互间的道路步测的,由于道路的曲直没有常规,在绘制成地图以后,里数和步测就无法一致,所以就按地图另为量度四至的直线距离,如空中鸟飞直达,这样的直线距离也就不会再有因为山川阻隔与道路曲直所造成的里数上的误差。我曾制作《守令图》,虽以二寸折算百里为比例,而又测定方位、边界和道里,并以地形高下、方向斜正、道路曲直为验证,凡用七种方法,以推求各地间的直线距离。地图绘成后,天下郡县的方位和远近皆得其真实情况,于是施用飞鸟法,细分四至八到为二十四至,并以十二地支、甲、乙、丙、丁、庚、辛、壬、癸八个天干名和乾、坤、艮、巽四个卦名为二十四至的名称。即使后世郡县地图亡佚了,只要得到我这套飞鸟图,按二十四至在上面填布郡邑,马上就可以绘制出新图,丝毫不会有差错。

以磁石磨针锋,则锐处常指南;亦有指北者,恐石性亦不同。如夏至鹿角解、冬至麋角解,南北相反,理应有异,未深考耳。
用磁石磨针尖,则针尖的一端常常指向南方。也有指向北方的,恐怕是磁石的性质有所不同。如夏至季节鹿角就脱落,麋鹿的角却在冬至季节脱落。南北方向是相反的,按说磁石磨过的针尖指南或指北应该有不同的道理,只是人们未曾深加研究而已。

吴人嗜河豚鱼,有遇毒者,往往杀人,可为深戒。据《本草》:“河豚味甘温,无毒,补虚,去湿气,理腰脚。”因《本草》有此说,人遂信以为无毒,食之不疑。此甚误也。《本草》所载河豚,乃今之鱼,亦谓之鮠五回反。鱼,非人所嗜者,江浙间谓之回鱼者是也。吴人所食河豚有毒,本名侯夷鱼。《本草注》引《日华子》云:“河豚有毒,以芦根及橄榄等解之。肝有大毒。又为鱼、吹肚鱼。”此乃是侯夷鱼,或曰胡夷鱼,非《本草》所载河豚也。引以为注,大误矣。《日华子》称:“又名鱼。”此却非也,盖差互解之耳。规鱼浙东人所呼,又有生海中者,腹上有刺,名海规。吹肚鱼南人通言之,以其腹胀如吹也。南人捕河豚法:截流为栅,待群鱼大下之时,小拔去栅,使随流而下,日莫猥至,自相排蹙,或触栅,则怒而腹鼓,浮于水上,渔人乃接取之。
江浙一带的人嗜好吃河豚鱼,有中毒的,往往死人,应该深以为戒。据《本草》记载:“河豚鱼,味甜而温和,无毒,能够补虚弱,去湿气,治脚病和腰病。”因《本草》有这样的说法,人们就相信了,以为河豚无毒,食之不疑,这是个大误解。《本草》所记载的河豚,指的是今天的鱼,也称鮠(五回反)鱼,江、浙间称为回鱼的就是这种鱼,并不是人们所嗜好的河豚。江、浙人所吃的河豚是有毒的,本名侯夷鱼。《本草注》引《日华子》说:“河豚,有毒,用芦根及橄榄等可以解其毒。其肝有大毒。又称为鱼、吹肚鱼。”这是说的侯夷鱼,或叫胡夷鱼,不是《本草》所记载的河豚,引《本草》为此作注释就大错特错了。《日华子》说这种鱼又称鱼,这却是不对的,大抵是一种相互混用的解释。把这种鱼叫做规鱼,是浙东人的称呼;又有生于海中的一种鱼,腹上有刺,叫做海规。叫它吹肚鱼,是南方人笼统的称呼,因为它腹部能膨胀,就像吹起来的一样。南方人捕河豚的方法,是在河流上横着设置栅栏,等到成群的鱼大批游下来时,稍微提起栅栏,使鱼群随流而下,黄昏时候鱼越来越多,自相排挤,或触栅即发怒,而腹部胀鼓鼓地浮上水面,渔人就在下面接捞上来。

扬州在唐时最为富盛,旧城南北十五里一百一十步,东西七里三十步,可纪者有二十四桥。最西浊河茶园桥,次东大明桥,今大明寺前。入西水门有九曲桥,今建隆寺前。次东正当帅牙南门,有下马桥,又东作坊桥,桥东河转向南,有洗马桥,次南桥,见在今州城北门外。又南阿师桥,周家桥,今此处为城北门。小市桥,今存。广济桥,今存。新桥,开明桥,今存。顾家桥,通泗桥,今存。太平桥,今存。利园桥,出南水门有万歳桥,今存。青园桥,自驿桥北河流东出,有参佐桥,今开元寺前。次东水门,今有新桥,非古迹也。东出有山光桥。见在今山光寺前。又自衙门下马桥直南有北三桥,中三桥,南三桥,号“九桥”,不通船,不在二十四桥之数,皆在今州城西门之外。
扬州在唐代时最为繁荣富庶,老城南北长十五里一百一十步,东西长七里三十步,可以记录下来的桥有二十四座。最西面的是浊河上的茶园桥,往东是大明桥(在现在的大明寺前)。进入西水门有九曲桥(在现在的建隆寺前)。再往东正对官衙的南门,有下马桥,还有东边的作坊桥。在桥东河流转向南面,有洗马桥,往南有南桥(如今在州城的北门)。再向南有阿师桥、周家桥(如今此处是州城的北门)、小市桥(如今还在)、广济桥(如今还在)、新桥、开明桥(如今还在)、顾家桥、通泗桥(如今还在)、太平桥(如今还在)、利园桥。出南水门有万岁桥(如今还在)、青园桥。在驿桥北面河流从东流出,有参佐桥(在今开元寺前)。再向东是东水门(如今有新建的桥,不是古迹),向东出去有山光桥(在现在的山光寺前)。还有,从官府门前的下马桥一直向南,有北三桥、中三桥、南三桥,号称九桥,不通船只,不包括在二十四桥的数目之内,它们都在如今的扬州城西门外边。

黄镮,即今之朱藤也,天下皆有。叶如槐,其花穗悬,紫色,如葛花。可作菜食,火不熟亦有小毒。京师人家园圃中作大架种之,谓之紫藤花者是也。实如皂荚,《蜀都赋》所谓“青珠黄镮”者,黄镮即此藤之根也。古今皆种以为亭槛之饰。今人采其茎,于槐榦上接之,伪为矮槐。其根入药用,能吐人。
黄镮,也就是现在人们所说的朱藤,各地都有。它的叶子像槐树叶,花成穗状挂在枝条上,紫色,像葛藤的花。可以用来做菜,如果烧得不透,也会有微毒。京城人家的庭院花园里,常常搭起高大的架子来栽种黄镮,叫做“紫藤花”的就是这种,它的果实像皂荚。《蜀都赋》中所说的“青珠黄镮”,那黄镮指的就是这种藤的根。古今都有人栽种这种植物用作亭台栏架的装饰。现在还有人截取它的枝干嫁接在槐树干上,假作矮槐树。它的根可以入药,有让人呕吐的功用。

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