寒食

寒食朗读

二月江南花满枝,他乡寒食远堪悲。
贫居往往无烟火,不独明朝为子推。

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诗文归类:寒食节思乡
诗文主题:满枝寒食贫居烟火
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寒食译文及注释

寒食赏析

  寒食节在冬至后一百零五天,当春二月。由于江南气候温暖,二月已花满枝头。诗的首句描写物候,兼点时令。一个「满」字,传达出江南之春给人的繁花竞丽的感觉。这样触景起情,颇觉自然。与这种良辰美景相配的本该是赏心乐事,第二句却出人意外地写出了「堪悲」。作者乃关西人,远游江南,独在他乡,身为异客;寒食佳节,倍思亲人,不由悲从中来。加之,这里的「寒食」二字,除了指节令之外,还暗含少食、无食之意,一语双关,因此「他乡寒食」也就更其可悲了。

  诗中常见的是以乐景衬哀景,即反衬的艺术手法。而此诗在写「他乡寒食远堪悲」前却描绘出「二月江南花满枝」的美丽景色,在悲苦的境遇中面对繁花似锦的春色,便与常情不同,正是「花近高楼伤客心」,乐景只能倍增其哀。恰当运用反衬的艺术手法,表情也就越有力量。

  下联承上句「寒食」而写到断火。寒食禁火的习俗,相传为的是纪念春秋时贤者介子推。在这个节日里,人们多外出游春,吃现成食物。野外无烟,空气分外清新,景物尤为鲜丽可爱。这种特殊的节日风物与气氛会给人以新鲜愉快的感受,而对于古代贤者的追思还会更使诗人墨客逸兴遄飞,形于歌咏。历来咏寒食诗就很不少,而此诗作者却发人所未发,由「堪悲」二字,引发出贫居寒食与众不同的感受来。寒食「无烟火」是为纪念子推相沿而成的风俗,而贫居「无烟火」却是为生活所迫的结果。对于富人来说,一朝「断炊」,意味着佳节的快乐;而对于贫家来说,「往往」断炊,包含着多少难堪的辛酸!作者巧妙地把二者联系起来,以「不独」二字轻轻一点,就揭示出当时的社会本质,寄寓着深切的不平。其艺术构思是别致的。将貌似相同而实具本质差异的事物对比写出,这也是一种反衬手法。

  此诗借咏「寒食」写寒士的辛酸,却并不在「贫」字上大作文章。试看晚唐张友正《寒食日献郡守》:「入门堪笑复堪怜,三径苔荒一钓船。惭愧四邻教断火,不知厨里久无烟」,就其从寒食断火逗起贫居无烟、借题发挥而言,艺术构思显有因袭孟诗的痕迹。然而,它言贫之意太切,清点了一番家产不算,刚说「堪笑」、「堪怜」,又道「惭愧」;说罢「断火」,又说「无烟」。不但词芜句累,且嫌做作,感人反不深。远不如孟云卿此诗,虽写一种悲痛的现实,语气却幽默诙谐。其三、四两句似乎是作者自嘲:世人都在为明朝寒食准备熄火,以纪念先贤;可象我这样清贫的寒士,天天过着「寒食」生涯,反倒不必格外费心呢。这种幽默诙谐,是一种苦笑,似轻描淡写,却涉笔成趣,传达出一种攫住人心的悲哀。这说明诗忌刻露过火,贵含蓄耐味。而此诗也正由于命意新颖,构思巧妙,特别是恰当运用反衬手法,亦谐亦庄,耐人咀嚼,才使它成为难以数计的寒食诗中不可多得的佳作。

寒食创作背景

  孟云卿天宝年间科场失意后,曾流寓荆州一带,过着极为贫困的生活。就在这样的飘泊流寓生活中的一个寒食节前夕,他写下了这首绝句。

寒食读音参考

hán shí
寒食

èr yuè jiāng nán huā mǎn zhī, tā xiāng hán shí yuǎn kān bēi.
二月江南花满枝,他乡寒食远堪悲。
pín jū wǎng wǎng wú yān huǒ, bù dú míng cháo wèi zi tuī.
贫居往往无烟火,不独明朝为子推。

孟云卿

孟云卿,字升之,平昌(商河县西北)人。约生于725年(唐开元十三年)。天宝年间赴长安应试未第,30岁后始举进士。肃宗时为校书郎。存诗17首。其诗以朴实无华语言反映社会现实,为杜甫、元结所推重。孟云卿与杜甫友谊笃厚。758年(乾元元年)夏,杜甫出任华州司公参军,行前夜饮话别,并以诗相赠,即《酬孟云卿》。同年冬,他们在洛阳相遇,同到刘颢家中畅饮。杜甫又写了《冬末以事之东郊,城湖东遇孟云卿,复归刘颢宅宿,饮宴散因为醉歌》一诗,记叙此次邂逅相遇彼此喜悲交集的情景,表达了诗友间的诚挚感情。...

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