南乡子 登京口北固亭有怀译文及注释

南乡子 登京口北固亭有怀朗读

【注释】:
  ①此为出守京口时所作。  与上篇作于同时同地,同一怀古情怀,但体制不一,手法各异。前者慢词,以叠层铺叙、纵横议论见长,后者小令,以简洁明快、自作问答、巧用古语取胜。此词上下两结,一借杜诗以眼前景结,一用操语以议论作收,俱水到渠成,浑然天成。尤其下片结拍三句化用曹操语意,一气而下,对答如流,倍见功力。
  ②“何处”两句:纵目环视,楼头山水风光无限,但中原故国何在?按:此两句倒装句法。神州:指沦陷的北方。
  ③“千古”三句:感叹古今兴亡无尽无休,犹如眼前江水滚滚东流。悠悠:迢迢不断貌。不尽长江滚滚流:杜甫《登高》:“无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。”
  ④“年少”两句:赞美孙权少年英雄独霸江东,称雄一时。按:孙权十九岁即继承父兄基业,故言“年少”。兜鍪(dōumóu都谋):头盔,代指兵士。万兜鍪,犹言千军万马。坐断:占据。
  ⑤“天下”三句:谓当时能与孙权匹敌称雄者,惟曹操和刘备。英雄曹刘:《三国志·蜀先主传》载,曹操曾与刘备论天下英雄,说:“今天下英雄惟使君(指刘备)与操耳,本初(指袁绍)之徒不足数也。”后《三国演义》中“青梅煮酒论英雄”一节即据此。生子当如孙仲谋:《三国志·孙权传》注引《吴历》云:曹操尝与孙权对垒,“见舟船、器仗、军伍整肃,喟然叹曰:‘生子当如孙仲谋,刘景升儿子(指刘琮)若豚犬(猪狗)耳。’”孙仲谋:孙权字仲谋。
-----------转自“羲皇上人的博客”-----------
稼轩在宋宁宗嘉泰三年(1203)六月被起用为知绍兴府兼浙东安抚使后不久 ,即第二年的阳春三月,改派到镇江去做知府。镇江,在历史上曾是英雄用武和建功立业之地,此时成了与金人对垒的第二道防线。每当他登临京口(即镇江)北固亭时,触景生情,不胜感慨系之。这首词就是在这一背景下写成的。
“何处望神州 ?满眼风光北固楼 。”极目远眺,我们的中原故土在哪里呢?哪里能够看到,映入眼帘的只有北固楼周遭一片美好的风光了!此时南宋与金以淮河分界,辛弃疾站在长江之滨的北固楼上,翘首遥望江北金兵占领区,大有风景不再、山河变色之感。望神州何处?弦外之音是中原已非我有了!开篇这突如其来的呵天一问,直可惊天地,泣鬼神。
收回遥望的视线,看这北固楼近处的风物 :“千古江山 ,英雄无觅 ,孙仲谋处。舞榭歌台,风流总被,雨打风吹去。”(《永遇乐》)想当年,这里金戈铁马 ,曾演出多少惊天动地的历史戏剧啊 !北固楼的“满眼风光 ”,那壮丽的自然山水里似乎隐隐弥漫着历史的烟云,这不禁引起了词人千古兴亡之感。
因此,词人接下来再问一句:“千古兴亡多少事?”世人们可知道,千年来在这块土地上经历了多少朝代的兴亡更替?这句问语纵观千古成败,意味深长,回味无穷。然而,往事悠悠,英雄往矣,只有这无尽的江水依旧滚滚东流 。“悠悠,不尽长江滚滚流!”“悠悠”者,兼指时间之漫长久远,和词人思绪之无穷也。
“不尽长江滚滚流”,借用杜甫《登高》诗句:“无边落木萧萧下 ,不尽长江滚滚来 。”千古多少兴亡事,逝者如斯乎?而词人胸中倒来倒去的不尽愁思和感慨,又何尝不似这长流不息的江水呢!
“大江东去,浪淘尽、千古风流人物”,想当年,在这江防战略要地,多少英雄“金戈铁马,气吞万里如虎”。三国时代的孙权就是其中最杰出的一位。“年少万兜鍪,坐断东南战未休 。”他年纪轻轻就统率千军万马,雄据东南一隅,奋发自强,战斗不息,何等英雄气概!据历史记载:孙权十九岁继父兄之业统治江东,西征黄祖,北拒曹操,独据一方。赤壁之战大破曹兵,年方二十七岁。因此可以说,上面这两句是实写史事,因为它是千真万确的历史,因而更具有说服力和感染力。作者在这里一是突出了孙权的年少有为 ,“年少”而敢于与雄才大略、兵多将广的强敌曹操较量,这就需要非凡的胆识和气魄。二是突出了孙权的盖世武功,他不断征战,不断壮大。而他之“坐断东南 ”,形势与南宋政权相似。显然,稼轩热情歌颂孙权的不畏强敌,坚决抵抗,并战而胜之,正是反衬当朝文武之辈的庸禄无能、懦怯苟安。
接下来,辛弃疾为了把这层意思进一步发挥,不惜以夸张之笔极力渲染孙权不可一世的英姿。他异乎寻常地第三次发问,以提请人们注意 :“天下英雄谁敌手?”若问天下英雄谁配称他的敌手呢?作者自问又自答曰:“曹刘”,唯曹操与刘备耳!据《三国志·蜀书·先主传》记载:曹操曾对刘备说 :“今天下英雄,惟使君(刘备)与操耳 。”辛弃疾便借用这段故事,把曹操和刘备请来给孙权当配角,说天下英雄只有曹操、刘备才堪与孙权争胜 。我们知道,曹、刘、孙三人,论智勇才略,孙权未必比曹、刘强。稼轩在《美芹十论》中对孙权的评价也并非称赞有加,然而,在这首词里,词人却把孙权作为三国时代第一流叱咤风云的英雄来颂扬,其所以如此用笔,实借凭吊千古英雄之名,慨叹当今南宋无大智大勇之人执掌乾坤也!这种用心,更于篇末见意。
《三国志·吴书·吴主传》注引《吴历》说:曹操有一次与孙权对垒,见吴军乘着战船 ,军容整肃,孙权仪表堂堂,威风凛凛,乃喟然叹曰 :“生子当如孙仲谋,刘景升(刘表)儿子若豚犬耳 !”一世之雄如曹操,对敢于与自己抗衡的强者,投以敬佩的目光,而对于那种不战而请降的懦夫,若刘景升儿子刘琮则十分轻视,斥为任人宰割的猪狗。把大好江山拱手奉献敌人,还要为敌人耻笑辱骂,这不就是历史上所有屈膝乞和、靦颜事仇的缺乏骨气的人的共同的可悲命运吗!
曹操所一褒一贬的两种人,形成了极其鲜明、强烈的对照,在南宋摇摇欲坠的政局中,不也有着主战与主和两种人吗?这当然不便明言,只好由读者自己去联想了。聪明的词人只做正面文章,对刘景升儿子这个反面角色,便不指名道姓以示众了。然而妙就妙在纵然作者不予道破,而又能使人感到不言而喻。因为上述曹操这段话众所周知,虽然辛弃疾只说了前一句赞语,人们马上就会联想起后面那句骂人的话,从而使人意识到辛弃疾的潜台词:可笑当朝主和议的众多王公大臣,不都是刘景升儿子之类的猪狗吗!词人此种别开生面的表现手法,颇类似歇后语的作用,是十分巧妙的。而且在写法上这一句与上两句意脉不断,衔接得很自然。上两句说,天下英雄中只有曹操、刘备配称孙权的对手。你不信么?连曹操都这样说,生儿子要像孙权这个样呢!真是曲尽其妙,而又意在言外,令人拍案叫绝!
再从“生子当如孙仲谋”这句话的蕴含和思想深度来说,南宋时代人,如此看重孙权,实是那个时代特有的社会心理的反映。因为南宋朝廷实在太萎靡庸碌了,在历史上,孙权能称雄江东于一时,而南宋经过了好几代皇帝,竟没有出一个像孙权一样的人!所以 ,“生子当如孙仲谋 ”这句话,本是曹操的语言,现在由辛弃疾口中说出,却是代表了南宋人民要求奋发图强的时代的呼声。
这首词通篇三问三答,互相呼应,感叹雄壮,意境高远。它与稼轩同时期所作另一首登北固亭词《永遇乐》相比,一风格明快,一沉郁顿挫,同是怀古伤今,写法大异其趣,而都不失为千古绝唱,亦可见辛弃疾丰富多彩之大手笔也。

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辛弃疾

辛弃疾(1140-1207),南宋词人。原字坦夫,改字幼安,别号稼轩,汉族,历城(今山东济南)人。出生时,中原已为金兵所占。21岁参加抗金义军,不久归南宋。历任湖北、江西、湖南、福建、浙东安抚使等职。一生力主抗金。曾上《美芹十论》与《九议》,条陈战守之策。其词抒写力图恢复国家统一的爱国热情,倾诉壮志难酬的悲愤,对当时执政者的屈辱求和颇多谴责;也有不少吟咏祖国河山的作品。题材广阔又善化用前人典故入词,风格沉雄豪迈又不乏细腻柔媚之处。由于辛弃疾的抗金主张与当政的主和派政见不合,后被弹劾落职,退隐江西带湖。...

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