水调歌头·弓剑出榆塞译文及注释

水调歌头·弓剑出榆塞朗读

【注释】:
刘过作为辛派词人,与辛弃疾、陆游、陈亮等人有着较深的交往,他们“同声相应,同气相求”(《周易》),他们都有着英雄豪杰的气质和爱国热情。他们曾积极有为,力主北伐,但在那个文恬武嬉苟且偷安的时代,他们所有的理想都被现实击碎,那永远也无法实现的理想就只有在他们的心中永存。刘过这首晚年的词正表达了这种复杂的心情。当时主战派与主和派斗争激烈,由于主和派大都在朝廷中掌握实权,因此坚持抗金北伐的刘过深受主和派的压抑,心中郁闷越发难以排遣。这首词就是在这种时势情境中写下的。
“弓剑出榆塞,铅椠上蓬山。得之浑不费力,失亦匹如闲 。”词的开头突兀而起,直抒胸臆。词人认为出塞杀敌和著书立说 ,其武功文名得来毫不费力,失去也等闲视之。使人觉得词人的达观。然而这哪是他的真实思想呢?刘过受儒家思想影响很深,虽终身布衣,但志向高远,建功立业、留名青史的愿望极为强烈。虽屡遭挫折,仍念念不忘,壮心不已。他曾极热情地讴歌抗金英雄岳飞的丰功伟绩,并借以抒发自己火热的爱国情怀 。也曾写词支持韩侂胄出师北伐,并满怀信心地期待着胜利的凯歌。所作《盱眙行》中充满激情地唱道 :“何不夜投将军扉,劝上征鞍鞭四夷 。沧海可填山可移,男儿志气当如斯。”他不是对“榆塞”生活充满无限向往吗?他自幼好学,曾遍读经史及诸子百家之书,以诗著名江西。作为一个文人,又何尝没有留名“ 蓬山 ”之心呢?而且他确实有了《龙洲集》传世。由此可知,这“得之浑不费力”固然鲜明地体现了作者恃才傲物的狂放精神,然而“失亦匹如闲”一句则为貌似旷达实则愤激不平之语。开头四句,作者对文名武功视若等闲,接下来则转入了对是非曲直的评说,词境向深处推进了一层 。“未必古人皆是,未必今人俱错”两句,看似否定古人,替今人说话,其实是否定是非,这由“世事沐猴冠”一句可以看出来。这与辛弃疾的“近来始觉古人书,信着全无是处”(《西江月》),都是一种强烈的反讽。这在七百年前的刘过那个时代,作者能冲破过分迷信古人的传统思想的藩篱,已显得颇为狂放了,而接下来的“老子不分别,内外与中间”两句,用“内外”与“中间”包括一切,用“ 不分 ”加以统摄,又冠以“老子”一词,作者愤世嫉俗、睥睨千古的狂放精神则更鲜明地体现出来。表面看来,这两句是怀疑一切,否定一切,清解一切,实则仍是激愤至极之语。整个上片在构思上 ,由否定文名武功继而转到否定是非,进而转到否定一切,可谓一转一深,一深一妙 ,“尺水兴波”,颇得“骚人三昧”。
既然一切都被否定了,那么还能做些什么呢?作者在下片换头处为我们做了明确回答 。酒可以解忧,诗可以言志,因而“酒须饮 ,诗可作”,但惟独不能“弹铗”。为什么呢 ?因为战国时代的冯谖为求得孟尝君提高对他的待遇而三次弹铗,礼贤下士的孟尝君都满足了他的要求,而当今的统治者昏庸无能,根本不重用人材 ,“弹铗”又有何用!一个“休”字,饱含着词人难以言说的无限感慨 。“人生行乐,何自催得鬓毛斑?达则牙旗金甲,穷则蹇驴破帽,莫作两般看 。”这几句就过片所抒写的思想感情作了进一步渲染。作者认为人生就是行乐,何必自寻烦恼,枉自催得鬓发染霜呢 ?大有“对酒当歌,人生几何”(曹操《短歌行》)的萧条意味 。况且“牙旗金甲”的显达与“蹇驴破帽”的穷困并无二致,这看似从根本上否定了儒家“达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身”(《孟子》)的信条,其实这仍非作者的肺腑之言。词人曾上书宰相,陈述恢复中原的方略 ,这哪里是“铗休弹”呢?
他是那样迫切地希望报效国家 ,以取得“牙旗金甲”的显达地位,又哪会视穷通无二致呢?由此可知,他并非真像庄子那样齐万物、等是非,只不过是借诗歌抒写自己怀才不遇报国无门的深广忧愤罢了 。“世事只如此”一句是对以上所表现的思想的总结。如果词人写到这里就收结全词,我们真应该把他视为典型的虚无主义者了。然而作品最后一句却词意骤转,正面将全词主旨一语道破。词人用比喻恶,以鸾作为美的象征 ,坚信“自有识鸾”。一个“自”字,把词人无比自信的口吻维妙维肖地传达出来。这一层转折,在人意料之中而又出人意料之外,合乎情理而又不合情理。因为在抗战有罪、报国无门的时代,作者理想与现实之间形成巨大的落差,心情郁闷至极,以貌似牢骚实则激愤 、看似达观实则沉郁的语言抒情言志,原是在人意料之中而又合乎情理的。但这反面文章虽然占据绝大篇幅,然并非全词主旨,直接抒写胸臆虽只一句,却是全词的主旨,是正面文章。这样的艺术构思,表现了作者独特的艺术匠心。黑暗的现实不允许作者秉笔直书,只好以曲折隐微的形式表现自己的真实感情,以反衬火热的感情与冷酷的现实的尖锐对立。这样,其语言愈显牢骚,愈见其感情激愤之不可抑止,其作者愈故作达观,愈见其内心烦忧之难以排遣,就愈能深刻地表现在现实中难以明言又不得不言的复杂心绪,也愈能有力地抨击当政者不思进取,苟且偷安的可耻行径。因而这一层骤转,笔力遒劲,气魄雄豪,如勒奔马于悬崖,挽狂澜于既倒。又由于前十八句在内容上一气呵成,密不可分,应是一段,最后一句自为一段,因而突破了通常的分片定格。这种内容上分段与形式上分片的不统一,是作者感情上郁怒不平的艺术折光;应断而不断,是由于作者郁怒的感情洪流奔腾直泻,一发则不可止 ;不该断却要断,是由于作者在反面文章做足了以后 ,便要点明主旨,道出真意。这种奇变的结构,在作者以前的词作中很少见到,故能超出常境 ,独标一帜。刘过多年努力,始终未举一第,而光阴虚度,年华老大,故有“虚名相误”之叹。此两句仍承上“直待功成”两句表达怀才不遇,报国无门的愤懑,而更为直率 ,怨意亦深。
在偏安的南朝王朝,刘过为什么没有立身之处呢?是刘过缺乏文学和政治才华吗?作者于换头之后,不是另辟境界,而是过变不变,直接了当地回答了上述问题。“不是奏赋明光”(明光,汉代宫名,武帝时建)三句,从反面着笔,说明他之所以怀才不遇,既不在于他没有文才,不能向皇帝奉献辞赋,也不在于他不能“北阙上书”,陈述治国安邦的良策,以辅佐明主;“我自匆忙”二句,正面说明他之所以怀才不遇,主要在于“天未许” ,“天”隐指皇帝,指皇帝不赏识他,不重用他。这段议论,节奏明快,语言犀利,对比强烈 ,字字有扛鼎之力。接下去“赢得衣裾尘土”六字 ,用晋陆机《为顾彦先赠妇》诗“京洛多风尘,素衣化为缁”句意,描写了自己失意的窘迫状态,倾诉出自己“知音者少”的难言苦衷,有岳飞《满江红》“三十功名尘与土”的意味。这前后五句语言形象具体,笔墨深婉浓丽,一浓一淡,一疏一密,曲折多变,摇曳多姿。
作者在说出自己落魄失意的原因和不待功成即退的归隐意愿之后,便一气呵成,向稼轩告别。这里的“临别赠言”很是别致,不提大事,不说友情,而说 “白璧追欢,黄金买笑 ,付与君为主”。刘过作为布衣之士,与稼轩为文酒之交,分属宾客,相聚时颇有追欢买笑之事,这在宋朝的名公臣卿,例多风流韵事,稼轩也莫能外,有此亦不妨其为爱国主战派。刘过既去,此事即付与稼轩为主,如此说,亦可见二人相交之深,不拘小节。然后又运用张翰的典故,表示自己决意归隐,怡养天年。而“ 浩然归去 ”一语,既有“留别”之意,又道出了自己别后的归宿;既回应了词的开头,又点出了词的本旨。这样结束,水到渠成,卒章显志,斩钉截铁,戛然而止。
总之,本词用通俗的语言,明快的旋律,把满腔的悲愤向朋友倾吐出来,丝毫不加掩饰 ,生动活泼,情致婉转,自然成文,具有较强的感染力。

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刘过

刘过(1154~1206)南宋文学家,字改之,号龙洲道人。吉州太和(今江西泰和县)人,长于庐陵(今江西吉安),去世于江苏昆山,今其墓尚在。四次应举不中,流落江湖间,布衣终身。曾为陆游、辛弃疾所赏,亦与陈亮、岳珂友善。词风与辛弃疾相近,抒发抗金抱负狂逸俊致,与刘克庄、刘辰翁享有“辛派三刘”之誉,又与刘仙伦合称为“庐陵二布衣”。有《龙洲集》、《龙洲词》。...

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