踏莎行·雾失楼台译文及注释

踏莎行·雾失楼台朗读

【注释】:
①津渡:渡口。
②可堪:那堪。
③驿寄梅花:引用陆凯寄赠范晔的诗:“折梅逢驿使,寄与陇头人。
江南无所有,聊赠一枝春。”作者以远离故乡的范晔自比。
④郴(chén):郴州,今湖南郴县。
⑤幸自:本身。

【评解】

这首词是作者因坐党籍连遭贬谪时所写,表达了失意人的凄苦和哀怨的心情,流露了对现实政治的不满。上片写旅途中所见景色,景中见情。下片抒发诗人内心的苦闷和愁恨心情。词意委婉含蓄,寓有作者身世之感。

【集评】

王国维《人间词话》:少游词境,最为凄婉。至“可堪孤馆闭春寒,杜鹃声里斜阳暮”,则变而凄厉矣。
唐圭璋《唐宋词简释》:此首写羁旅,哀怨欲绝。起写旅途景色,已有归路茫茫之感。末引“郴江”、“郴山”,以喻人之分别,无理已极,沉痛已极,宜东坡爱之不忍释也。
王方俊《唐宋词赏析》:这首词层次极为分明。开头两句都以对句起,都是平叙;中间第三句一顿;末两句是中心所在。虽是小词,用的是慢词作法。
--引自惠淇源《婉约词》

此词为作者绍圣四年(1097)贬谪郴州时在旅店所写。词中抒写了作者流徙僻远之地的凄苦失望之情和思念家乡的怅惘之情。词的上片以写景为主,描写了词人谪居郴州登高怅望时的所见和谪居的环境,但景中有情,表现了他苦闷迷惘、孤独寂寞的情怀。下片以抒情为主,写他谪居生活中的无限哀愁,他偶尔也情中带景。
“雾失楼台,月迷津渡,桃源望断无寻处”,写夜雾笼罩一切的凄凄迷迷的世界:楼台在茫茫大雾中消失;渡口被朦胧的月色所隐没;那当年陶渊明笔下的桃花源更是云遮雾障,无处可寻了。当然,这是作者意想中的景象,因为紧接着的两句是“可堪孤馆闭春寒 ,杜鹃声里斜阳暮”。词人闭居孤馆,只有在想象中才能看得到“津渡”。而从时间上来看 ,上句写的是雾濛濛的月夜,下句时间又倒退到残阳如血的黄昏时刻。由此可见,这两句是实写诗人不堪客馆寂寞,而头三句则是虚构之景了。这里词人运用因情造景的手法,景为情而设,意味深长。“楼台”,令人联想到的是一种巍峨美好的形象,而如今被漫天的雾吞噬了;“津渡”,可以使人产生指引道路、走出困境的联想,而如今在朦胧夜色中迷失不见了;“桃源”,令人联想到陶渊明《桃花源记》中的一片乐土,而如今在人间再也找不到了 。开头三句 ,分别下了“失”、“迷”、“无”三个否定词,接连写出三种曾经存在过或在人们的想象中存在过的事物的消失,表现了一个屡遭贬谪的失意者的怅惘之情和对前途的渺茫之感。
而“可堪孤馆闭春寒,杜鹃声里斜阳暮 。”两句则开始正面实写词人羁旅郴州客馆不胜其悲的现实生活。一个“馆”字,已暗示羁旅之愁。说“孤馆”则进一步点明客舍的寂寞和客子的孤单。而这座“孤馆”又紧紧封闭于春寒之中,置身其间的词人其心情之凄苦就可想而知了。此时此刻,又传来杜鹃的阵阵悲鸣;那惨淡的夕阳正徐徐西下,这景象益发逗引起词人无穷的愁绪。杜鹃鸣声,是古典诗词中常用的表游子归思的意象。以少游一个羁旅之身,所居住的是寂寞孤馆,所感受的是料峭春寒,所听到的是杜鹃啼血,所见到的是日暮斜阳,此情此境,只能以“可堪”道之。
“可堪”者 ,岂堪也,词人在这重重凄厉的气围中,又怎能忍受得了呢?王国维评价这两句词说 :“少游词境最凄婉,至‘可堪孤馆闭春寒,杜鹃声里斜阳暮’,则变为凄厉矣。”
过片“驿寄梅花,鱼传尺素,砌成此恨无重数。”连用两则友人投寄书信的典故,极写思乡怀旧之情。“驿寄梅花”,见于《荆州记》记载;“鱼传尺素”,是用古乐府《饮马长城窟》诗意,意指书信往来。少游是贬谪之人,北归无望,亲友们的来书和馈赠,实际上并不能给他带来丝毫慰藉,而只能徒然增加他别恨离愁而已。
因此,书信和馈赠越多,离恨也积得越多,无数“梅花”和“尺素”,仿佛堆砌成了“无重数”的恨。词人这种感受是很深切的,而这种感受又很难表现,故词人手法创新,只说“砌成此恨无重数”。有这一“砌”字,那一封封书信,一束束梅花,便仿佛成了一块块砖石,层层垒起,以至于达到“无重数”的极限。这种写法,不仅把抽象的微妙的感情形象化,而且也可使人想象词人心中的积恨也如砖石垒成,沉重坚实而又无法消解。
在如此深重难排的苦恨中,迸发出最后二句:“郴江幸自绕郴山,为谁流下潇湘去?”从表面上看,这两句似乎是即景抒情,写词人纵目郴江,抒发远望怀乡之思。郴江,发源于湖南省郴县黄岭山,即词中所写的“郴山”。郴江出山后,向北流入耒水 ,又北经耒阳县,至衡阳而东流入潇水湘江。但实际上,一经词人点化,那山山水水都仿佛活了,具有了人的思想感情。这两句由于分别加入了“幸自”和“为谁”两个字,无情的山水似乎也能听懂人语,词人在痴痴问询郴江:你本来生活在自己的故土,和郴山欢聚在一起,究竟为了谁而竟自离乡背井,“流下潇湘去”呢?
实际上是词人面对着郴江自怨自艾,慨叹自己好端端一个读书人,本想出来为朝廷做一番事业,怎知到如今竟被卷入一场政治斗争的漩涡中去呢?词人笔下的郴江之水,已经注入了作者对自己离乡远谪的深长怨恨,富有象征性,故而这结尾两句的意蕴就更深长丰富了。
此词表达了失意者的凄苦和哀怨的心情,流露了对现实政治一定程度的不满。在写作上,词人善用对句写景抒情 。上片开头“雾失楼台,月迷津渡”,雾霭与月色对举,造成一种朦胧的意境,笼罩全词;下片开头亦用对句 ,“驿寄梅花,鱼传尺素,虽然表现的都是朋友的信息和寄赠这同一内容,却能造成书信往来频频不断的气势,与“砌成此恨无重数”相照应。
总之,此词以新颖细腻、委婉含蓄的手法描写了作者在特点环境中的特定心绪,抒发了内心不能直言的深曲幽微的贬徒之悲,寄托了深沉哀婉的身世之感,使用写实、象征的手法营造凄迷幽怨、含蓄深厚的词境,充分体现了作者身为北宋婉约派大家的卓越艺术才能。

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