曹松

曹松

曹松(828——903),唐代晚期诗人。字梦徵。舒州(今安徽桐城,一今安徽潜山)人。生卒年不详。早年曾避乱栖居洪都西山,后依建州刺史李频。李死后,流落江湖,无所遇合。光化四年(901)中进士,年已70余,特授校书郎(秘书省正字)而卒。...(148篇诗文) (1139条名句)

曹松介绍

曹松的生平

  曹松为诗,学贾岛苦吟。“平生五字句,一夕满头丝”(《崇义里言怀》),是其自我写照。工五言律诗,炼字琢句,取境幽深,也有点接近贾岛,但尚未流于怪僻,而自有一种清苦澹宕的风味。“汲水疑山动,扬帆觉岸行”(《秋日送方干游上元》)、“废巢侵晓色,荒冢入锄声”(《送进士喻坦之游太原》),正代表他的这种诗风。题材狭窄,不外乎叹老嗟卑,旅思离情,很少接触社会问题,而《己亥岁二首》中的“凭君莫话封侯事,一将功成万骨枯”,却历来传诵不衰。 晚唐,又是一个乱世。乱世出怪事。怪事之一便是“五老榜”。“五老”之一便是曹松。

  曹松,字梦征。他的籍贯有点混乱,据清《一统志》说是桐城人,更多的地方说他是潜山人。不过在当时,是没有混乱的,因为当时桐、潜同属舒州。他的籍贯也一直说是舒州人。混乱是难免的,桐、潜两地,依山傍水,通婚接嫁,谁能说得清一千多年前的谁谁谁究竟住在哪旮旯?只是近年来争抢名人的事时有发生,笔墨官司打得热火朝天。尤其是明清时期的桐城名人,就常常被咱的邻县枞阳兄弟们不厌其烦地将其籍贯改换,且一直有些耿耿戚戚地抱怨:“枞阳出人,桐城出名”。唉,谁让那时枞阳属于桐城地界呢。其实争抢名人的事大可不必,是你的老祖宗,你爱他,以他为荣,说他赞他就是。至于他的籍贯,还是以历史记载为准。就如曹松,严格地说,应是“舒州人”(清《一统志》注桐城人,一说潜山人),这样才科学,才历史。像朱光潜等人,是不是应该说,某某某,桐城某地人(现属枞阳)呢。

  扯远了,还说曹梦征。他的生卒年代也和他的出生地一样不甚清晰,《新编唐诗三百首》中就说其“生卒年不详”。据《桐城县志》载,其生卒年大约(注意:是大约)在公元830—903年。这是个战乱迭起,黄巢起义,朱温乱唐,五代十国酝酿成立的历史区间哦。

  乱世是英雄的时代,可不是文士的时代。曹松手难缚鸡,生不逢时,只好在战争的夹缝里到处奔走避祸。“他先到洪都西山避乱,继又奔波于江苏、浙江、福建、广东、广西等地。漫长的流浪生涯,激起他对故乡山水无限眷念,不少作品都倾注了羁留异乡所产生的思归之情。”

  一个骑着毛驴的、瘦削的、脸上写着忧患和疲惫的、身着破旧青布蓝衫的唐朝秀才(有点类似吕洞宾),总在崎岖不平的山道上巅簸跋涉着,从青年、壮年直到老暮衰年。他且走且停,且停且吟,毛驴背上永远驮着一对书箱。因为他虽然一生都在为生计奔波,但也一生都在读书考试并吟诗作赋。

  他梦想着一朝中试,为官做宦,报效朝廷,兼惠家族。他苦吟着,为战乱中不幸的百姓,无辜的平民。他憎恨着,那些操戈作祸,裂地封侯的乱臣贼子。愤怒出诗人,他的《己亥岁二首》就是明证,其中的“泽国江山入战图,生民何计乐樵苏?凭君莫话封侯事,一将成名万骨枯。”更是千古绝句。

  他也终于考中了进士,那已是昭宗天复元年(公元901)的事了,也就是说当时他已年逾七旬,真正是考白了头发了。可怪的是,那一榜竟有五位古稀老人,他们是王希羽、刘象、柯崇、郑希颜,因之成为佳话,号曰“五老榜”。

  据说唐朝进士名额很少;据说唐朝的考卷不弥封,也就是说考生姓名籍贯是公开的;据说唐朝(尤其是晚唐)的时候考场风气很腐败(考卷不弥封无疑给腐败创造了条件)。因了这些据说,许多真正的才学之士往往名落孙山。曹梦征终于能够考中进士,虽是白首皓髯,也是可喜可贺的。于是他被授任校书郎,后任秘书省正字。可惜的是风烛残年,只做得两年官,便与世长辞了。

  也幸好他死于903年,没看到904年的朱温杀昭帝,也没看到907年的朱温叛唐称帝和随之而来的十王乱天下。

  虽是个白头进士,但曹松毕竟还是登了榜的,想想千百年来,又在多少人考白了头发,却最终带着一声叹息走进坟墓。曹松是不幸中的幸者,他官运不济,到底还有些文运,他的诗歌得到认可,评者认为“风格似贾岛,工于炼字,意境深幽”。他遗有《曹梦征诗集》3卷,《全唐诗》收入其诗140首。

出山不得意,谒帝值戈鋋。岂料为文日,翻成用武年。

天高淮泗白,料子趋修程。汲水疑山动,扬帆觉岸行。云离京口树,雁入石头城。后夜分遥念,诸峰霜露生。

要路豪家非往还,岩门先有不曾关。众心惟恐地无剩,吾意亦忧天惜闲。白练曳泉窗下石,绛罗垂果枕前山。樵夫岂解营生业,贵欲自安麋鹿间。

天涯兵火后,风景畏临门。骨肉到时节,团圆因梦魂。池塘营水眼,岭峤结花根。耳纵听歌吹,中心不可论。

若到江州二林寺,遍游应未出云霞。庐山瀑布三千仞,画破青霄始落斜。

造华峰峰异,宜教岳德谦。灵踪载籍古,怪刃刺云尖。盘蹙陵阳壮,孤标建邺瞻。霁馀堪洗目,青出谢家檐。

十月荒郊雪气催,依稀愁色认阳台。游秦分系三条烛,出楚心殊一寸灰。高柳莫遮寒月落,空桑不放夜风回。如何住在猿声里,却被蝉吟引下来。

出山不得意,谒帝值戈鋋.岂料为文日,翻成用武年。

明时应不谏,天幕称仙才。聘入关中去,人从帝侧来。诗窗盛岛屿,檄盾照风雷。几度陪旄节,营巡海色回。

寒节钟陵香骑随,同年相命楚江湄。云间影过秋千女,地上声喧蹴踘儿。何处寄烟归草色,谁家送火在花枝。银瓶冷酒皆倾尽,半卧垂杨自不知。

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