潘阆

潘阆

潘阆(?~1009)宋初著名隐士、文人。字梦空,一说字逍遥,号逍遥子,大名(今属河北)人,一说扬州(今属江苏)人。性格疏狂,曾两次坐事亡命。真宗时释其罪,任滁州参军。有诗名,风格类孟郊、贾岛,亦工词,今仅存《酒泉子》十首。...(23篇诗文) (113条名句)

潘阆介绍

潘阆的生平

  潘阆(làng),为人疏狂放荡,一生颇富传奇色彩。早年在汴京讲堂巷开药铺。太平兴国七年(982),卢多逊为相时图谋立秦王赵廷美为帝,潘阆参预其谋。后卢多逊和秦王事败,潘阆受株连而遭追捕。潘阆假扮僧人逃进今山西省南部黄河北岸的中条山,一路辗转到杭州、会稽卖药为生。

  至道元年(995),潘阆因宦官王继恩推荐,得到宋太宗的召见,赐进士及第,国子四门助教。因其过于狂妄,未几追还诏书。太宗驾崩之前,潘阆与王继恩、参知政事李昌龄、枢密赵镕、知制诰胡旦等谋立太祖之孙惟吉为帝。事败,真宗即位,将王继恩等人尽行诛窜。潘阆逃往舒州潜山寺。咸平初,入京被收系入狱,真宗过问逮捕审讯,不久获宽释,任滁州(今属安徽)参军。赴任滁州途中,潘阆写有《赴滁州散参军途中书事》诗:“微躯不杀谢天恩,容养疏慵世未闻。昔日已为闲助教,今朝又作散参军。高吟瘦马冲残雪,远看孤鸿入断云。到任也应无别事,愿将清俸买香焚。”

  潘阆晚年遨游于大江南北,放怀湖山,最后死于泗上(今江苏省淮阴市一带)。道士冯德之迁其遗骨葬于杭州。集贤院钱易铭其墓云:“逍遥尝与道士冯德之居钱塘,约归骨于天柱山。大中祥符三年为泗州参军,卒于官舍。德之遂囊其骨归吴中,葬于洞霄宫之右。”今杭州城有“潘阆巷”。

  潘阆与寇准、钱易、王禹偁、林逋、许洞等交游唱和,著《逍遥词》。

潘阆的评价

  潘阆诗才不俗,当时苏州才子许洞,恃才傲物,常把僧人、隐士一类不放在眼中,但《赠潘阆》一诗却说:“潘逍遥,平生才气如天高。仰天大笑无所惧,天公嗔尔口呶呶。罚教临老投补衲,归中条。我愿中条山神镇长在,驱雷叱电依前赶出这老怪。 ”

  好事者以阆游浙江咏潮得名,以轻绡写其形容,谓之潘阆咏潮图。王禹偁《寄潘阆处士》描写他说:“烂醉狂歌出上都,秋风时节忆鲈鱼。江城卖药长将鹤,古寺看碑不下驴。一片野心云出岫,几茎吟发雪侵梳。算应冷笑文场客,岁岁求人荐《子虚》。”

  魏野《赠潘阆》诗说:“昔贤放志多狂怪,若比今来总不如。从此华山图籍上,又添潘阆倒骑驴。”

  黄静之在《酒泉子》词跋中云:“潘阆,谪仙人也,放怀湖山,随意吟咏。词翰飘洒,非俗子可仰望。”

  太宗朝的翰林学士宋白写给潘阆的诗甚至说:“宋朝归圣主,潘阆是诗人”,简直视他为诗歌方面的国宝。潘阆有《叙吟》一诗,说自己:“高吟见太平,不耻老无成。发任茎茎白,诗须字字清。搜疑沧海竭,得恐鬼神惊。此外非头念,人间万事轻。”表明了对诗歌的执着,对诗才的自负,同时也表明他的创作是遵循贾岛以来的“苦吟”传统的。不过在他身上似乎传统的影响远不若个性的力量,他的诗风不像贾岛等诗僧以清奇僻苦为主,而是倾向于自然真率,闲逸疏放。

潘阆的轶事典故

装鬼
  柳开,宋初文学大家,一惯尚气自任,常被潘阆所嘲笑。端拱年间,柳开出知全州,途经扬州,做为朋友的潘阆自然要迎送一番。二人来到馆驿,见一堂门窗严闭,十分诡秘。吏曰:凡宿者多不自安,无人居已数十年。柳开一听,来了精神,“吾文章可以惊鬼神,胆气可以讋夷夏,有何畏哉?当下命人打扫,住了进去,潘阆见状暗笑不已,顿时心生一计。
  当夜,潘阆“以黛涂身,衣豹文犊鼻,吐兽牙,披发执金棰,由外垣入,正据厅脊,俯视堂庑。”月明星朗,细微可见,那柳开正持剑四处游走,忽闻一声巨吼,如狮如虎,不禁心惊胆寒,担头却见一妖怪正居厅上!正欲仔细相看,又闻一声巨吼,柳开心胆皆碎,惶恐万分,只得道:“某假道赴任,暂憩此馆,非意干忏,幸赐恕之。”潘阆把柳开平日胡做非为之事一一道来,厉声道:“阴府以汝积戾如此,俾吾持符追摄,便须急行。”柳开急忙拜倒,“事诚有之,其如官序未达,家事未了。傥垂恩庇,诚有厚报。”说完再拜,痛哭流涕。阆缓缓道:“汝识吾否?”柳开战战兢兢:“尘土下下,不识圣者。”阆大笑,曰:“只吾便是潘阆也!”柳开气急败坏,连呼阆下。潘阆知柳开生性暴躁,当夜远远逃遁去了。

扮僧
  潘阆为人豪放,欲成大事,与参知政事卢多逊来往密切。卢多逊与重臣赵普交恶,被奏与秦王赵廷美密谋起事,潘阆亦受到牵连。是时,潘阆在京师讲堂巷开了家药铺做掩护,秘谋其事。只是潘阆不太懂得找掩护,他使刘少逸、鲍少卿做药童,唐巾韦带,气貌爽秀,为一时所瞩目。
  卢多逊事败后,潘阆闻之有诗曰:“不信先生语,刚来帝里游,清宵无好梦,白日有闲愁。”潘逍遥刚哀叹完,就听说朝廷派人来捕自己,忙跑到邻居家,说:我犯事了,密谋泄露,禁兵正在追我。我死了,就我一个人。你们如果窝藏罪犯,如果抓住你们,就不是死一个,而是死一家,隔壁几家也可能知道。这可是要株连九族的。你们看着办吧!是把我送去交官还是藏起来,你们选择。”一番威逼,街坊无奈,只能将他藏匿于壁。捕者无获,只得别处寻找去了。
  待到风声刚过,潘阆穿了件僧袍,剃了须发,手持佛磬,五更时分化妆出城,算是暂时脱离了虎口。此后,潘阆又化妆成箍桶匠,马不停蹄地逃到朋友阮思道家中。阮思道假装不识,只让下人领潘阆在庭中箍桶,自己拿了三锾钱放在桌案上,乘马出门去了。潘阆何等聪明,当时就明白了,看四下无人,拿了钱就跑。过不多时,阮思道归来,问仆人:案上三锾及桶匠何在?仆人答不知,被思道痛揍一顿,并命他四处寻找。如此一来,阮思道也算脱了干系。

题诗
  潘阆在为僧途中题诗于钟楼上言:“散拽禅师来蹴踘,乱拖游女上秋千。”被寺僧所怀疑,不得不离开中条山寺。潘阆遇赦后死不改悔,故态复燃,得意忘形,写了一首《扫市舞》的词:
  “出砒霜,价钱可。赢得拨灰兼弄火,畅杀我。”
  这种狂放的行径为当时士人所不齿,太宗怒而追还诏书。

窥鱼白鸟明残照,抱石幽云点半山。

到底不能成一曲。

滁上相逢俱禁烟。

散拽禅师来踘蹴,乱拖游女上秋千。

出砒霜,价钱可。赢得拨灰兼弄火。畅杀我。

长忆孤山。山在湖心如黛簇。僧房四面向湖开。轻棹去还来。芰荷香喷连云阁。阁上清声檐上铎。别来尘土污人衣。空役梦魂飞。

何须三叫绝,已恨一声多。

归来遍检登科记,未见连年放弟兄。

土床安睡稳,纸被转身鸣。

峡口闻猿夜。

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