刘过

刘过

刘过(1154~1206)南宋文学家,字改之,号龙洲道人。吉州太和(今江西泰和县)人,长于庐陵(今江西吉安),去世于江苏昆山,今其墓尚在。四次应举不中,流落江湖间,布衣终身。曾为陆游、辛弃疾所赏,亦与陈亮、岳珂友善。词风与辛弃疾相近,抒发抗金抱负狂逸俊致,与刘克庄、刘辰翁享有“辛派三刘”之誉,又与刘仙伦合称为“庐陵二布衣”。有《龙洲集》、《龙洲词》。...(465篇诗文) (4351条名句)

刘过介绍

刘过的交契稼轩

  刘过与辛弃疾交往颇深,后世传为佳话,宋元笔记中就有多段二人交游的逸事。元人蒋正子的《山房随笔》细述了他们相识的过程:辛弃疾在浙东为帅时,刘过慕名而来欲结交,门房见刘过只是一介布衣,势利眼发作,坚决不让其入内。刘过愤然与门房争执,辛弃疾听见声音召门房问话,门房不免加油添醋地说刘过是非,辛弃疾大怒,本想将刘过逐走,幸而此时陆游与陈亮在侧,二人把刘过大大夸奖一番,说他是当世豪杰,善赋诗,不妨一见。辛弃疾这才让刘过进来,斜眼看他,冷冷问:“你能写诗么?”刘过说:“能。”这时席间正上羊腰肾羹,辛弃疾便命他以此为赋,刘过笑道:“天气太冷,我想先喝点酒。”辛弃疾赐酒,刘过接过,大口饮尽,一时手颤,有酒液沥流于怀,辛弃疾就让他以“流”字为韵。刘过随即吟道:“拔毫已付管城子,烂首曾封关内侯。死后不知身外物,也随樽酒伴风流。”辛弃疾闻之大喜,忙请他共尝羊羹,宴罢后还厚赠他不少财物。后来辛弃疾在京口为官,一日大雪,辛率众幕僚登多景楼观雪景,刘过出现时的模样很魏晋,敞着衣襟,穿着拖鞋,懒洋洋地就来了。辛弃疾大概很觉碍眼,有心刁难,便命刘过赋雪,并以“难”字为韵。不想刘过张口即吟道:“功名有分平吴易,贫贱无交访戴难。”辛弃疾赞叹不已,自此二人遂为莫逆之交。

  辛刘二人都是性情中人,元人郭宵凤《江湖纪闻》中记载的一则他们交往的趣事颇含几分江湖豪情:刘过欲回乡探望母亲,向辛弃疾告假,辛弃疾知其囊中羞涩,有心相助。是夕,二人微服登倡楼饮酒,正好遇上一位都吏在左拥右抱宴客作乐。都吏并不认得自己的上司的上司辛大帅,自恃财大气粗,叫嚣着要包场,命左右随从把辛刘二人赶出去。二人也不与他相争,哈哈大笑着就回去了。辛弃疾随后称有机密文书要处理,点名要这都吏前来领命,而此刻都吏早已醉倒在温柔乡中,哪里还能连夜赶来。辛弃疾遂决定没收其家产并将其流放以示惩戒,都吏醒来吓出一身冷汗,忙四处托人在元帅面前求情。辛弃疾仍不宽恕,病急乱投医的都吏打听到刘过缺钱,便一咬牙,掏出五千缗奉上,说是为刘过母亲祝寿,再请辛弃疾开恩。辛弃疾却还不答应,摇摇头连说不行,命都吏将祝寿钱翻倍。都吏虽然心痛如刀绞,但也不敢不从命,如数把数额增到万缗,辛弃疾这才放了他一马。宋朝的宰相一月俸禄才三百缗钱而已,可见一万缗在当时是笔不小的巨款,一个小小的都吏能拿一下子出这么多钱充当罚金,显然来源难保干净,辛弃疾此举是劫富济贫,同时也给了这位贪污腐败的小官一记漂亮的双重警告。

  然后辛弃疾自己出钱为刘过买了回乡的船,把万缗钱交给他,知道刘过用钱向来大大咧咧,还特意嘱咐说不要像平时那样乱用。刘过大为感动,作了一阕《念奴娇》相赠:“知音者少,算乾坤许大,著身何处。直待功成方肯退,何日可寻归路。多景楼前,垂虹亭下,一枕眠秋雨。虚名相误,十年枉费辛苦。 不是奏赋明光,上书北阙,无惊人之语。我自匆忙天未许,赢得衣裾尘土。白璧追欢,黄金买笑,付与君为主。莼鲈江上,浩然明日归去。 ”

刘过的文学创作

  刘过以词闻名。他的词中写“平生豪气,消磨酒里”处甚多,如《沁园春》“柳思花情”、《水调歌头》“春事能几许”等。不过,更能代表刘过词特色的是那些感慨国事、大声疾呼的作品。如《沁园春》“拂拭腰间,吹毛剑在,不斩楼兰心不平……威撼边城,气吞胡虏,惨淡尘沙吹北风”,《念奴娇》“知音者少”,《贺新郎》“弹铗西来路”等。这些作品都写得慷慨激昂、气势豪壮。另外《六州歌头·题岳鄂王庙》,颂赞岳飞的生平业绩、痛斥朝廷奸佞诬陷忠良,写得跌宕淋漓、悲壮激越,十分感人。这些爱国词虽偶有粗率之处,但风格豪放,却是刘过词的本色。他的词中亦有俊逸纤秀之作,如《贺新郎》“老去相如倦”、《唐多令》“芦叶满汀洲”等。刘熙载称其“狂逸之中,自饶俊致,虽沉著不及稼轩(辛弃疾),足以自成一家”(《艺概》卷四)。至于他的《沁园春》咏美人指甲、美人足二首,虽刻画纤巧,但体格卑弱不足取。

  刘过也工于诗,古体、律诗兼备。诗多悲壮之调。如《夜思中原》“独有孤臣挥血泪,更无奇杰叫天阊”,《登多景楼》“北固怀人频对洒,中原在望莫登楼”。也有的诗写山水景物,清新秀美。

  刘过《龙洲集》14卷,《直斋书录解题》著录,今已不传。明王朝用复刊宋端平中刘澥(刘过之弟)辑刻的《龙洲道人集》15卷,有明嘉靖本、汲古阁本。《四库全书》收录14卷、附录2卷。1978年上海古籍出版社点校《龙洲集》12卷。

  所著《龙洲词》,《直斋书录解题》著录1卷,明代长沙《唐宋名贤百家词》本《刘改之词》。有明汲古阁《宋六十名家词》本。明初沈愚刊本收词69首,其中为他本所无者凡21首(今人罗振常为之补遗刊行共得86首)。《强村丛书》初刊为2卷,乃清黄丕烈藏钱曾(遵王)校本,曹元忠跋谓出宋椠,犹在赵闻礼《阳春白雪》未出之前,罗振常则谓出于王朝用而加补辑者。《全宋词》收龙洲词80首。

一笛横风,稳转船头,系楫大江。还有人争说,鸣琴手段,教侬重吐,锦绣肝肠。不复少年,插花槌鼓,雅意在乎云水乡。阳关泪,笑琼姬犹恋,奇俊王郎。谈兵齿颊冰霜。有万户侯封何用忙。借烟霞且作,诗中队仗,鹭鵷已是,归日班行。收敛平生,筹边胸次,以酒浇之书传香。消凝处,

缓辔徐驱,儿童聚欢,神仙画图。正芹塘雨过,泥融路软,金莲自策,小小蓝舆。傍柳题诗,穿花劝酒,嗅蕊攀条得自如。经行处,有苍松夹道,不用传呼。清泉怪石盘纡。信风景江淮各异殊。记东坡赋就,沙笼素壁,西山句好,帘卷晴珠。白玉堂深,黄金印大,无此文君载後车。挥毫罢,

弓剑出榆塞,铅椠上蓬山。得之浑不费力,失亦匹如闲。未必古人皆是,未必今人俱错,世事沐猴冠。老子不分别,内外与中间。酒须饮,诗可作,铗休弹。人生行乐,何自催得鬓毛斑。达则牙旗金甲,穷则蹇驴破帽,莫作两般看。世事只如此,自有识鴞鸾。

画鷁凌空,红旗翻雪,灵鼍震雷。叹沈湘去国,怀沙吊古,江山凝恨,父老兴哀。正直难留,灵修已化,三户真能存楚哉。空江上,但烟波渺渺,岁月洄洄。持杯。西眺徘徊。些千载忠魂来不来。谩争标夺胜,鱼龙喷薄,呼声贾勇,地裂山摧。香黍缠丝,宝符插艾,犹有樽前儿女怀。兴亡事

一别三年,一日三秋,庶几见之。念丹霞秋冷,风巾雾屦,五湖春暖,雨笠烟蓑。山水光中,要人携手,独欠金华俞紫芝。谁知道,向酴醿香里,杯酒同持。油然川泳云飞。但口不能言心自知。便狂敲铜斗,我歌君和,醉拈如意,我舞君随。风韵如君,岂堪言别,别後如之何勿思。须金玉,

文采汉机轴,人物晋风流。丈夫有此,便可谈笑觅封侯。试问湘南水石,今古阅人多矣,曾见此公不。名姓出天上,声誉塞南州。斩楼兰,擒颉利,志须酬。青衫何事,犹在楚尾与吴头。闻道长安灞水,尽是三槐风月,好奉板舆游。此曲为君寿,为我唤歌喉。

寂无人语断回程,日落未落孤山横。平湖水阔何许去,傍竹边松自好行。

太宗造唐划随乱,仁义结民过炎汉。胡雏负恩逆天纪,忠义回天四方起。嗟哉主将失纪律,百万秦人半为鬼。浮云改变异今古,不谓前车眼中睹。尝时潼关说歌舒,今日襄阳说皇甫。

芦叶满汀洲,寒沙带浅流。二十年重过南楼。柳下系船犹未稳,能几日,又中秋。黄鹤断矶头,故人曾到否?旧江山浑是新愁。欲买桂花同载酒,终不似,少年游。

阴阳舒惨刹那间,刺使天高见一斑。人物眼中如水鉴,世情身外不冰山。涤除瑕垢与掩匿,弹压风云俱涩悭。羔酒帐金输武库,者茶萧寺等僧间。

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