庾信

庾信

庾信(513—581)字子山,小字兰成,北周时期人。南阳新野(今属河南)人。他以聪颖的资质,在梁这个南朝文学的全盛时代积累了很高的文学素养,又来到北方,以其沉痛的生活经历丰富了创作的内容,并多少接受了北方文化的某些因素,从而形成自己的独特面貌。...(330篇诗文) (3817条名句)

庾信介绍

庾信的介绍

  庾信(513—581)字子山,小字兰成,北周时期人。南阳新野(今属河南)人。他自幼随父亲庾肩吾出入于萧纲的宫廷,后来又与徐陵一起任萧纲的东宫学士,成为宫体文学的代表作家;他们的文学风格,也被称为“徐庾体”。侯景叛乱时,庾信逃往江陵,辅佐梁元帝。后奉命出使西魏,在此期间,梁为西魏所灭。北朝君臣一向倾慕南方文学,庾信又久负盛名,因而他既是被强迫,又是很受器重地留在了北方,官至车骑大将军、开府仪同三司;北周代魏后,更迁为骠骑大将军、开府仪同三司,封侯。时陈朝与北周通好,流寓人士,并许归还故国,唯有庾信与王褒不得回南方。所以,庾信一方面身居显贵,被尊为文坛宗师,受皇帝礼遇,与诸王结布衣之交,一方面又深切思念故国乡土,为自己身仕敌国而羞愧,因不得自由而怨愤。如此至老,死于隋文帝开皇元年。有《庾子山集》。

庾信的文学成就

早期
  庾信早期的赋,现存有《春赋》、《对烛赋》、《荡子赋》等七篇,有些已残缺。这些赋均属宫体文学范畴,内容不外是女子的美貌或相思别离,篇幅短小,语言华艳,注重音节之美。其中《春赋》最具体表性。此篇写春光之美及妇女游春景象,色泽极为艳丽。赋的开头和结尾多用七言诗句,有较强的音乐效果。如结尾一段:三日曲水向河津,日晚河边多解神。树下流杯客,沙头渡水人。镂薄窄衫袖,穿珠帖领巾。百丈山头日欲斜,三晡未醉莫还家。池中水影悬胜镜,屋里衣香不如花。 和《舞媚娘》一样,也是歌咏对人生中短暂的欢乐时光的留恋。这种诗赋结合乃至诗赋难分的倾向也为后人所继承,如初唐王勃、骆宾王及稍后的刘希夷等都有类似的作品。总的说来,庾信早年的诗赋,在语言技巧上已有相当的成就,但反映的生活面过于狭窄,缺乏壮阔的激情。

后期
  庾信后期的创作,虽谓“老成”,但早年那一种风格,并没有抛弃。他同北朝显贵唱和的诗,依然是雍容华贵,且多艳情成分。另有《题画屏风》二十五首,也以精巧见长。题画诗在此之前极为少见,故这一组诗在题材的开拓上有值得注意的地方。诗的特点,是善于运用山水诗的手法,把画面的内容同想象结合,既不脱离画面,又富于自然的生趣。这启发了后代常在画上配诗以扩充欣赏内涵的风气。不过,在庾信后期创作中,最受重视的,是与前一种风格很不相同的自抒胸怀与怀念故国之作。庾信的性格,既非果敢决毅,又不善于自我解脱,亡国之哀、羁旅之愁、道德上的自责,时刻纠绕于心,却又不能找到任何出路,往往只是在无可慰解中强自慰解,结果却是愈陷愈深。所谓“情纠纷而繁会,意杂集以无端”(陈祚明《采菽堂古诗选》),使得诗中的情绪显得沉重无比。《拟咏怀》二十七首,就是这一类诗的代表。俎豆非所习,帷幄复无谋。不言班定远,应为万里侯。燕客思辽水,秦人望陇头。倡家遭强聘,质子值仍留。自怜才智尽,空伤年鬓秋。(《拟咏怀》之三)。杜甫曾经评价道,“庾信平生最萧瑟,暮年诗赋动江关”(出自《咏怀古迹》第一首),最能说明庾信晚年的风格。
  庾信后期的赋,也有很大变化。最著名的作品,是《哀江南赋》。赋前有序,是一篇能独立成章的骈文,交代作赋的缘由,概括全篇大意,语言精丽,意绪苍凉,本身就是一篇杰作。
  庾信只是一位有才华的文学家,却被命运放在了错误的位置上,并且必须承担这种“错位”带来的痛苦。这就是此诗的内涵。

庾信的生平

成长经历
  庾信(513—581)字子山,小字兰成,南阳新野(今属河南)人。庾信少负才名,博览群书。十五岁入宫为太子萧统伴读,十九岁任抄撰博士,后任梁湘东国常侍等职,陪同太子萧纲(梁简文帝)等写作一些绮艳的诗歌。梁武帝末,侯景叛乱,庾信时为建康令,率兵御敌,战败。建康失陷,他被迫逃亡江陵,投奔梁元帝萧绎。元帝承圣三年(554年)他奉命出使西魏,抵达长安不久,西魏攻克江陵,杀萧绎。他被留在长安,官至骠骑大将军开府仪同三司,故又称“庾开府”。庾信被强留于长安,永别江南,内心很是痛苦,再加上流离颠沛的生活,使他在出使西魏以前和以后的思想、创作上发生了深刻的变化。庾信出使西魏以前的作品存者不多,一般没有摆脱“宫体诗”的影响,迄今被传诵的诗赋,大抵是到北方后所作,这些作品从思想内容到艺术风格都和早年有所不同。他的诗歌代表作有《拟咏怀》27首,虽属模拟阮籍,实则全是感叹自己的身世。他的乐府歌行,常常使用比兴手法自悲身世,如《怨歌行》、《杨柳歌》等。庾信到北方以后的诗歌苍劲沉郁,和他经历战乱及对北方景物有较深的感受有关,佳作有《郊行值雪》、《望野》、《燕歌行》、《同卢记室从军》。他的一些小诗写得亲切动人,很少用典,如《寄王琳》、《寄徐陵》、《和侃法师三绝》、《重别周尚书二首》等,都很著名。 庾信在辞赋方面的成就并不亚于诗歌,他的抒情小赋如《枯树赋》、《竹杖赋》、《小园赋》和《伤心赋》等,都是传诵的名作,著名的《哀江南赋》是其代表作。庾信又是南北朝骈文大家,他的文风以讲究对仗和几乎处处用典为特征,其文章多为应用文,但常有抒情性和文学意味。今本《庾子山集》以《四部丛刊》影印明代屠隆本为最早。《增订四库简明目录标注》讲到明有汪刊本,共十二卷;还有朱曰藩刊本,仅六卷,有诗无文。此外还有明代张溥所刻《汉魏六朝百三家集》本,称《庾开府集》。庾信集较早的注释本是清代吴兆宜所注十卷本,稍后有倪璠注本十六卷。

文学创作
  大体说来,庾信的文学创作,以他四十二岁时出使西魏为界,可以分为两个时期。前期在梁,作品多为宫体性质,轻艳流荡,富于辞采之美。羁留北朝后,诗赋大量抒发了自己怀念故国乡土的情绪,以及对身世的感伤,风格也转变为苍劲、悲凉。所以杜甫说:“庾信文章老更成,凌云健笔意纵横。”(《戏为六绝句》)
  庾信在梁时所作大多毁于战乱,留存很少,且基本上都是唱和之作。其中《奉和泛江》、《奉和山池》等,多写景之句。后一首中“荷风惊浴鸟,桥影聚行鱼。日落含山气,云归带雨余”,观察、描绘都很细致,与萧纲的诗十分相近。具有宫体气息的六言诗《舞媚娘》大概也作于南朝:朝来户前照镜,含笑盈盈自看。眉心浓黛直点,额角轻黄细安。只疑落花谩去,复道春风不还。少年唯有欢乐,饮酒那得留残!诗中写爱美的少女对青春的怜惜,虽包涵着伤感的情绪,却还是活泼而有生气的。

徘徊出桂苑。徙倚就花林。下桥先劝酒。跂石始调琴。蒲低犹抱节。竹短未空心。绝爱猿声近。唯怜花径深。

国命在礼。君命在天。陈诚惟肃。饮福惟虔。洽斯百礼。福以千年。钩陈掩映。天驷徘徊。雕禾饰斝。翠羽承罍。受斯茂祉。从天之来。

以炎为政。以火为官。位司南陆。享配离坛。三和实俎。百味浮兰。神其茂豫。天步艰难。

七里是仰。八陛有凭。就阳之位。如日之升。思虔肃肃。致敬绳绳。祝史陈信。玄象斯格。惟类之典。惟灵之泽。幽显对扬。人神咫尺。

地境阶基远。天窗影迹深。碧玉成双树。空青为一林。鹄巢堪炼石。蜂房得煮金。汉武多骄慢。淮南不小心。蓬莱入海底。何处可追寻。

帝出于震。苍德于神。其明在日。其位居春。劳以定国。功以施人。言从配祀。近取诸身。

在死犹可忍。为辱岂不宽。古人持此性。遂有不能安。其面虽可热。其心长自寒。匣中取明镜。披图自照看。幸无侵饿理。差有犯兵栏。拥节时驱传。乘亭不据鞍。代郡蓬初转。辽阳桑欲干。秋云粉絮结。白露水银团。一思探禹穴。无用鏖皋兰。

崩堤压故柳。衰社卧寒樗。野鹤能自猎。江鸥解独渔。汉阴逢荷筱。缁林见杖挐。阮籍长思酒。嵇康懒著书。

乾坤以含养覆载。日月以贞明照临。达人以四海为务。明君以百姓为心。水波澜者源必远。树扶疎者根必深。云雨取施无不洽。廊庙求才多所任。

六典联事。九司咸则。率由旧章。于焉允塞。掌礼移次。燔柴在焉。烟升玉帛。气敛牲牷。休气馨香。膋芳昭晰。翼翼虔心。明明上彻。

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      1. #0 paginator 类
      2. #1 utf8 类