冯延巳

冯延巳

冯延巳 (903--960)又名延嗣,字正中,五代广陵(今江苏省扬州市)人。在南唐做过宰相,生活过得很优裕、舒适。他的词多写闲情逸致辞,文人的气息很浓,对北宋初期的词人有比较大的影响。宋初《钓矶立谈》评其“学问渊博,文章颖发,辩说纵横”,其词集名《阳春集》。...(57篇诗文) (667条名句)

冯延巳介绍

冯延巳的特点

  跟李璟、李煜一样,冯延巳也多才多艺,这也是李璟信任他的重要原因。他的才艺文章,连政敌也很佩服。《钓矶立谈》记载孙晟曾经当面指责冯延巳:“君常轻我,我知之矣。文章不如君也,技艺不如君也,诙谐不如君也。”陆游《南唐书·冯延巳传》记载孙晟的话是:“鸿笔藻丽,十生不及君;诙谐歌酒,百生不及君;谄媚险诈,累劫不及君。”两处记载,文字虽不一样,但意思相同。看来冯延巳为人确实多才艺,善文章,诙谐幽默。又据《钓矶立谈》记载,冯延巳特别能言善辩。他“辩说纵横,如倾悬河暴雨,听之不觉膝席而屡前,使人忘寝与食”。他又工书法,《佩文斋书画谱》列举南唐十九位书法家的名字,其中就有冯延巳的大名。他的诗也写得工致,但流传下来的仅有一首。不过冯延巳最著名最有成就的,还是词。

  冯延巳词的特点,可以用四个字来概括:因循出新。所谓“因循”,是说他的词继承花间词的传统,创作目的还是“娱宾遣兴”,题材内容上也没有超越“花间词”的相思恨别、男欢女爱、伤春悲秋的范围。所谓“出新”,是说他的词在继承花间词传统的基础上,又有突破和创新。

  如冯延巳在表现爱情相思苦闷的同时,还渗透着一种时间意识和生命忧患意识。他在词中时常感叹人生短暂、生命有限、时光易逝。表现人生短暂的生命忧患意识,成为诗歌中常见的主题。但在词中,是冯延巳第一次在词中表现这种生命的忧患。人生本来就短暂,因此希望在有限的人生中充分享受爱情的幸福,在短暂的青春期及时享受爱情的欢乐,可偏偏“别离多,欢会少”。爱情失落的苦闷中又包含着一层生命短暂的忧患,这既强化了爱情失落的苦闷,也表现出了人生的悲剧,从而丰富了词作的思想内涵,提升了词的思想境界。

  冯词写愁的最大特点,是忧愁的不确定性和朦胧性。他词中的忧愁,具有一种超越时空和具体情事的特质, 写来迷茫朦胧,含而不露。冯词中的忧愁“闲情”,常常很难确指是什么性质的忧愁,是因为什么原因而苦闷。比如前面例举过的《鹊踏枝》中的“闲情”,就很难说清是一种什么样的情,一种什么样的愁。他只是把这种闲情闲愁表现得深沉而持久,想抛掷也抛掷不了,挣扎也挣扎不脱,像孙悟空的紧箍咒,始终缠绕在心头。他的几首《采桑子》词,这个特点最为突出。作者所要表现的就是人生中常有的一种说不清、道不明的忧愁苦闷,抑郁不欢;一种可能已经存在又似乎是即将来临的人生忧患。冯词忧患苦闷的内涵性质,是无法确指的,无法界定的,从而留给读者更大的自由创造联想的空间,有着更大的艺术张力。读冯词,也会被感动,但需要联想,需要深层的思考。

  在艺术上,冯延巳词也有特色。一是空间境界比较阔大,常以大境写柔情,如“将远恨,上高楼。寒江天外流”(《更漏子》);“楼上春山寒四面”(《鹊踏枝》)等。阔大无限的空间境界,表现出愁思的深重。二是善于用层层递进的抒情手法,把苦闷相思表现得一层深似一层。这就是古人所说的“层深”之法,最典型的是“泪眼问花花不语。乱红飞过秋千去”。其他词作也屡用此法。三是在情景的配置上,善于用逆向配置法。词中写情,最常见的是情与景交融互写,但情与景交融配置的方式有同向配置和逆向配置两种。所谓同向配置,是客观景物蕴含的情感指向与主观情感的性质相同,逆向配置是客观景物的情感指向与主观情感性质正好相反。冯延巳词中,常常喜欢用明媚灿烂的春景来写悲哀的情绪。情景的逆向配置,加倍写出了主人公的愁情。面对欢乐之景,尚且苦闷,如果是悲哀之景,其忧愁苦闷更可想而知。

  冯延巳的词集名《阳春录》,有的题作《阳春集》,北宋时就有传本,但宋代的本子早就失传。现存最早的本子,是明人吴讷的《唐宋名贤百家词》抄本,清代抄刻本也有不少。但各本收词不尽相同,有的收有伪作。中华书局1999年出版的曾昭岷、曹济平、王兆鹏和刘尊明编著的《全唐五代词》,收录冯延巳词112首。(选自《南唐二主冯延巳词选》)

冯延巳的生平

  南唐开国时,因为多才艺,先主李昪任命他为秘书郎,让他与太子李璟交游。后来李璟为元帅,冯延巳在元帅府掌书记。李璟登基的第二年,即保大二年(944年),就任命冯延巳为翰林学士承旨。到保大四年(946年),冯延巳终于登上了宰相的宝座。第二年,陈觉、冯延鲁举兵进攻福州,结果死亡数万人,损失惨重。李璟大怒,准备将陈觉、冯延鲁军法处死。冯延巳为救两人性命,引咎辞职,改任太子太傅。保大六年(948年),出任抚州节度使。在抚州呆了几年,也没有做出什么政绩。到了保大十年(952),他再次荣登相位。

  延巳当政期间,先是进攻湖南,大败而归。后是淮南被后周攻陷,冯延鲁兵败被俘,另一宰相孙晟出使后周被杀。958年,冯延巳被迫再次罢相。当时朝廷里党争激烈,朝士分为两党,宋齐丘、陈觉、李征古、冯延巳等为一党,孙晟、常梦锡、韩熙载等人为一党。几次兵败,使得李璟痛下决心,铲除党争。于958年下诏,历数宋齐丘、陈觉、李征古之罪,宋齐丘放归九华山,不久就饿死在家中,陈觉、李征古被逼自杀。至此,宋党覆没。而冯延巳属于宋党,居然安然无恙,表明李璟对冯延巳始终信任不疑,也可能是冯延巳作恶不多。罢相两年后,即公元960年,冯延巳因病去世,终年五十八岁。也就是这一年,赵匡胤夺取天下,建立起北宋王朝。再过一年(961),李璟去世,李煜即位。

冯延巳的人品

  冯延巳的人品,颇受非议,常常被政敌指责为“奸佞险诈”(文莹《玉壶清话》卷十),“谄媚险诈”(陆游《南唐书·冯延巳传》)。他与魏岑、陈觉、查文徽、冯延鲁五人被称为“五鬼”。政敌的攻击,难免言过其实,但冯延巳一再被人指责,似乎也不是毫无根据。冯延巳的政治见解和政治才干确属平庸。比如他曾说:“先主李昪丧师数千人,就吃不下饭,叹息十天半月,一个地道的田舍翁,怎能成就天下的大事。当今主上(李璟),数万军队在外打仗,也不放在心上,照样不停地宴乐击鞠,这才是真正的英雄主。”(据马令《南唐书·冯延巳传》)这番话,足见冯延巳政治上的平庸荒唐。

秋入蛮蕉风半裂,狼籍池塘,雨打疏荷折。绕砌□声芳草歇,愁肠学尽丁香结。回首西南看晚月,孤雁来时,塞管声呜咽。历历前欢无处说,关山何日休离别。

烦恼韶光能几许,肠断魂消,看却春还去。只喜墙头灵鹊语,不知青鸟全相误。心若垂杨千万缕,水阔花飞,梦断巫山路。开眼新愁无问处,珠帘锦帐相思否?

画堂昨夜西风过,绣帘时拂朱门锁。惊梦不成云,双蛾枕上颦。金炉烟袅袅,烛暗纱窗晓。残月尚弯环,玉筝各泪弹。

叵耐为人情太薄,几度思量,真拟浑抛却。新结同心香未落,怎生负得当初约。休向尊前情索莫,手举金□,凭仗深深酌。莫作等闲相斗作,与君保取长欢乐。

粉映墙头寒欲尽,宫漏长时,酒醒人犹困。一点春心无限恨,罗衣印满啼妆粉。柳岸花飞寒食近,陌上行人,杳不传芳信。楼上重檐山隐隐,东风尽日吹蝉鬓。

醉忆春山独倚楼,远山回合暮云收。波间隐隐仞归舟。早是出门长带月,可堪分袂又经秋。晚风斜日不胜愁。

霜落小园瑶草短,瘦叶和风,惆怅芳时换。懊恨年年秋不管,朦胧如梦空肠断。独立荒池斜日岸,墙外遥山,隐隐连天汉。忽忆当年歌舞伴,晚来双脸啼痕满。

几度凤楼同饮宴,此夕相逢,却胜当时见。低语前欢频转面,双眉敛恨春山远。蜡烛泪流羌笛怨,偷整罗衣,欲唱情犹懒。醉里不辞金盏满,阳关一曲肠千断。

沉沉朱户横金锁,纱窗月影随花过。烛泪欲阑干,落梅生晚寒。宝钗横翠凤,千里香屏梦。云雨已荒凉,江南春草长。

萧索清秋珠泪坠,枕簟微凉,展转浑无寐。残酒欲醒中夜起,月明如练天如水。阶下寒声啼络纬,庭树金风,悄悄重门闭。可惜旧欢携手地,思量一夕成憔悴。

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