朱淑真

朱淑真(约1135~约1180),号幽栖居士,宋代女诗人,亦为唐宋以来留存作品最丰盛的女作家之一。南宋初年时在世,祖籍歙州(治今安徽歙县),《四库全书》中定其为“浙中海宁人”,一说浙江钱塘(今浙江杭州)人。生于仕宦之家。夫为文法小吏,因志趣不合,夫妻不睦,终致其抑郁早逝。又传淑真过世后,父母将其生前文稿付之一炬。其余生平不可考,素无定论。现存《断肠诗集》、《断肠词》传世,为劫后余篇。(325条名句) (38篇诗文)

朱淑真介绍

朱淑真的情爱世界

  后人给朱淑真的诗集作序,说她“嫁为市井民妻”,当根据考证,她的丈夫应该不是普通市民,而是一个小官吏,朱淑真所不满于他的,并不是无财无势,而是才学不能相称,心灵无法沟通。婚后不久,她便因失望而发出了这样的抱怨:“鸥鹭远洋作一池,须知羽翼不相依。东君不与花为主,何以休生连理枝?”。

  对于《生查子》词,作者究竟是欧阳修还是朱淑真,一直都存有争议。词的含义浅白易懂,写的就是一个少女与情人的约会,作者是谁,却惹来争议:闺阁妇女自称:“月上柳梢头,人约黄昏后。”按那时的说法,无疑就是邀人私奔之词,要比李清照被后人指责:“闾巷荒淫之语,肆意落笔”来得更为严重。所以明代的杨慎在《词品》里一本正经地斥责朱淑真为“不贞”。

  朱淑真到底是在和丈夫离异后才另觅爱人,还是在无爱的婚姻中出轨,并无明确记载。但根据她实在娘家的情况来看,她最后应该已经跟丈夫分居,纵使没有得到正式的休弃,不算“大归”,事实上已经离异。后考证其因与情人分手而“悒悒抱恨而终”,“其死也,不能葬骨于地下,如青冢之可吊。”有人据此猜测她又可能是投水自尽,死于湖中,尸骨都不能安葬。

  南宋淳熙九年(1182)有一个名叫魏仲恭的人,将朱淑真的残存作品辑录出版,并为之作序。序文开头说:“比在武陵,见旅邸中好事者往往传颂朱淑真词,每茄听之,清新婉丽,蓄思含情,能道人意中事,岂泛泛所能及?未尝不一唱而三叹也!”

朱淑真的作品特点

  相传朱淑真作品为其父母焚毁,后人将其流传在外的辑成《断肠集》(诗)2卷,《断肠词》1卷及《璇玑图记》,辗转相传,有多种版本。

  其诗词多抒写个人爱情生活,早期笔调明快,文词清婉,情致缠绵,后期则忧愁郁闷,颇多幽怨之音,流于感伤,后世人称之曰“红艳诗人”。作品艺术上成就颇高,后世常与李清照相提并论。流传颇广的《生查子》:“……月上柳梢头,人约黄昏后” 一阕,长期以来被认为欧阳修所作,其实是当时怕坏了女子的风气,才将作者改为了欧阳修的。

  朱淑真书画造诣相当高,尤善描绘红梅翠竹。明代著名画家杜琼在朱淑真的《梅竹图》上曾题道:“观其笔意词语皆清婉,……诚闺中之秀,女流之杰者也。”明代大画家沈周在《石田集·题朱淑真画竹》中说:“绣阁新编写断肠,更分残墨写潇湘。”由此可见,其能力非寻常深闺女子可比,当与李清照并驾齐驱。朱淑真,她的诗作受到市民的激赏,却在死后遭到父母的焚烧(据魏仲恭《断肠诗集序》)。她显然是英年早逝的“问题美女作家”。

  她的别号是“幽栖居士”,为南宋多情才女和美女,与李清照齐名,有《断肠集》存世。从“鸥鹭鸳鸯作一池,须知羽翼不相宜”(《愁怀》)来看,她的婚姻是不幸的,因此,有些作品泄露了婚外恋情,被一些学者剥夺著作权。

  但是,她的作品还是存有大胆露骨的香艳镜头:“但愿暂成人缱绻,不妨常任月朦胧”——缠绵于情爱连时间也不管了,“娇痴不怕人猜,和衣睡倒人怀”——犹如今人当街亲吻一般大胆。

  朱淑真曾作一“圈儿词”寄夫。信上无字,尽是圈圈点点。夫不解其意,于书脊夹缝见蝇头小楷《相思词》,顿悟失笑:“相思欲寄无从寄,画个圈儿替。话在圈儿外,心在圈儿里。单圈儿是我,双圈儿是你。你心中有我,我心中有你。月缺了会圆,月圆了会缺。整圆儿是团圆,半圈儿是别离。我密密加圈,你须密密知我意。还有数不尽的相思情,我一路圈儿圈到底。”夫阅信,次日一早雇船回海宁故里。朱淑真的“圈儿词”实际是咏月诗的形象化表达,是抽象画的另一种形态。诗人的幽默含蓄风趣演绎得淋漓尽致。

  圈儿词的作者一直有争议,也有称清朝的梁绍壬写的,但是朱淑真写的已被有关学者证明。

朱淑真的作品溯源

  生前曾自编诗词集(《写怀二首》“孤窗镇日无聊赖,编辑诗词改抹看”),死后散佚。孝宗淳熙九年(一一八二)宛陵魏仲恭(端礼)辑为《断肠集》十卷,未几钱唐郑元佐为之作注,并增辑后集七卷(一本把第七卷厘为两卷,作八卷)。此外尚有《断肠词》一卷行世。

  朱淑真诗,以清汪氏艺芸书舍影元抄《新注朱淑真断肠诗集》(藏北京图书馆)为底本。校以民国徐乃昌影元刻本(简称元刻本)、清光绪嘉惠堂刊《武林往哲遗著》本(简称武林本)、清抄本(藏北京图书馆)等。新辑集外诗另编一卷。

朱淑真的生平考证

  一、其生平,传世载籍多记载为“自号幽栖居士,祖籍浙江海宁路仲,世居桃村。工诗,嫁为俗吏为妻,不得志殁”。幽栖居士之说,最早见清王士祯《池北偶谈·朱淑真璇玑图记》,

  学术界已断为伪托;世居桃村,则不详其说从来。此外各项均见宋魏仲恭《断肠集序》,而据集中《春日书怀》“从宦东西不自由,亲帏千里泪长流”可知,其夫亦曾仕宦。因此除钱塘人,出身宦家,生活不幸外,诗人生平今已难详考。

  二、有关朱淑真的籍贯身世历来说法不一,祖籍歙州(治今安徽歙县),四库全书》中定其为“浙江海宁人”,一说“浙江钱塘(今浙江杭州)人”,南宋初年时在世。其父曾在浙西做官,家境优裕。幼颖慧,博通经史,能文善画,精晓音律,尤工诗词。素有才女之称。相传因父母作主,嫁予一文法小吏,婚后生活很不如意,抑郁而终,其墓在杭州青芝坞。

“凤帏寂寞无人伴”出自宋代朱淑真的《菩萨蛮》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:fèng wéi jì mò wú rén bàn,诗句平仄:仄平仄仄平平仄。

“小院湘帘闲不卷”出自宋代朱淑真的《浣溪沙》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:xiǎo yuàn xiāng lián xián bù juǎn,诗句平仄:仄仄平平平仄仄。

“剔尽寒灯梦不成”出自宋代朱淑真的《减字木兰花》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:tī jǐn hán dēng mèng bù chéng,诗句平仄:平仄平平仄仄平。

“一味恼人香”出自宋代朱淑真的《菩萨蛮》,诗句共5个字,诗句拼音为:yī wèi nǎo rén xiāng,诗句平仄:平仄仄平平。

“一枝和月香”出自宋代朱淑真的《菩萨蛮》,诗句共5个字,诗句拼音为:yī zhī hé yuè xiāng,诗句平仄:平平平仄平。

“飘落深岩洞”出自宋代朱淑真的《菩萨蛮》,诗句共5个字,诗句拼音为:piāo luò shēn yán dòng,诗句平仄:平仄平平仄。

“无奈轻寒著摸人”出自宋代朱淑真的《减字木兰花》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:wú nài qīng hán zhe mō rén,诗句平仄:平仄平平平平。

“此情谁见”出自宋代朱淑真的《减字木兰花》,诗句共4个字,诗句拼音为:cǐ qíng shuí jiàn,诗句平仄:仄平平仄。

“月和残梦圆”出自宋代朱淑真的《菩萨蛮》,诗句共5个字,诗句拼音为:yuè hé cán mèng yuán,诗句平仄:仄平平仄平。

“今宵不忍圆”出自宋代朱淑真的《菩萨蛮》,诗句共5个字,诗句拼音为:jīn xiāo bù rěn yuán,诗句平仄:平平仄仄平。

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    2. #1 utf8 类