宋玉

宋玉,又名子渊,战国时鄢(今襄樊宜城)人, 楚国辞赋作家。生于屈原之后,或曰是屈原弟子。曾事楚顷襄王。好辞赋,为屈原之后辞赋家,与唐勒、景差齐名。相传所作辞赋甚多,《汉书·卷三十·艺文志第十》录有赋16篇,今多亡佚。流传作品有《九辨》、《风赋》、《高唐赋》、《登徒子好色赋》等,但后3篇有人怀疑不是他所作。所谓“下里巴人”、“阳春白雪”、“曲高和寡”的典故皆他而来。(1058条名句) (7篇诗文)

宋玉介绍

宋玉的生平

  关于宋玉的生平,据《史记·屈原贾生列传》载:"屈原既死之后,楚有宋玉、唐勒、景差之徒者,皆好辞而以赋见称。然皆祖屈原之从容辞令,终莫敢直谏。"记述极为简略。《韩诗外传》有"宋玉因其友而见楚相"之言。刘向《新序》则作"宋玉因其友以见楚襄王","事楚襄王而不见察",同时又有"楚威王(襄王的祖父)问于宋玉"的话。王逸在《楚辞章句》中则说他是屈原的弟子。晋代习凿齿《襄阳耆旧传》又说:"宋玉者,楚之鄢人也,故宜城有宋玉,始事屈原,原既放逐,求事楚友景差。"总之,关于宋玉的生平,众说纷纭,至难分晓。大体上说,宋玉当生在屈原之后,且出身寒微,在仕途上颇不得志。

  关于宋玉师承,普遍认为他师承屈原。但也有学者认为王逸晚于屈原200年后才说宋玉是屈原弟子是没有依据的,是其把“祖(承袭、效法)屈原”理解为“师从屈原”了。

  最早据《汉书·艺文志》载,有16篇。现今相传为他所作的,《九辩》、《招魂》两篇,见于王逸《楚辞章句》;《风赋》、《高唐赋》、《神女赋》、《登徒子好色赋》、《对楚王问》 5篇,见于萧统《文选》;《笛赋》、《大言赋》、《小言赋》、《讽赋》、《钓赋》、《舞赋》 6篇,见于章樵《古文苑》;《高唐对》、《微咏赋》、《郢中对》 3篇,见于明代刘节《广文选》。但这些作品,真伪相杂,可信而无异议的只有《九辩》一篇。《招魂》颇多争议,一般认为是屈原所作。

  其他如《高唐赋》、《神女赋》、《登徒子好色赋》、《风赋》等篇,也有人认为不是宋玉所作,不过它们在文学史上的地位还是相当重要的。

  宋玉的成就虽然难与屈原相比,但他是屈原诗歌艺术的直接继承者。在他的作品中,物象的描绘趋于细腻工致,抒情与写景结合得自然贴切, 在楚辞与汉赋之间,起着承前启后的作用。后人多以屈宋并称,可见宋玉在文学史上的地位。

宋玉的年表

公元前298年,生于今宜城南郊腊树村。
公元前291年,宋玉十岁时随屈原入鄢郢。
公元前284年,五国灭齐,楚将淖齿救齐时杀了齐王。当年屈原逐放,宋玉17岁。
公元前282年春。景差为楚襄王推荐了宋玉,被襄王任文学侍臣,后为大夫。做《高唐赋》、《大言赋》、《小言赋》。宋玉得云梦之田。
公元前281年秋,宋玉作《讽赋》。
公元前280年夏。宋玉作《风赋》。
公元前280年秋。宋玉作《对楚王问》。
公元前279年夏。宋玉作《钓赋》。
公元前278年2月,楚大夫昭奇叛乱。宋玉与庄辛联手平乱。宋玉为议政大夫,时年22岁。
公元前278年春,写《神女赋》。
公元前278年4月,秦将白起引蛮河水,用长渠攻陷楚都。楚襄王迁都陈。
公元前263年襄王卒考烈王20岁继位。宋玉38岁。
公元前258年,宋玉劝考烈王联赵。毛遂自荐,宋玉再为议政大夫,时年43岁。
公元前253年,宋玉48岁。黄歇得宠,考烈王冷遇宋玉。
公元前249年,楚灭鲁,黄歇架空考烈王。宋玉被免一切职务,宋玉52岁。这年写《九辩》。
公元前241年,楚迁都寿春。宋玉写《招魂》60岁。
公元前227年,荆轲刺秦。宋玉写《笛赋》
公元前222年,楚亡,玉卒。约享年七十六岁

宋玉的墓冢

  墓冢碑铭可以作为考察人之生平的力证。然而,光凭墓冢是不能断故里的。如钟祥原有屈原墓,唐代女诗人鱼玄机过郢州诗中有“折碑岭下三闾墓”句,但这不能否定屈原故里为秭归人的事实。况且,墓冢有葬身墓和衣冠冢之分,据史料载,全国有宋玉墓五处,究竟哪一处为宋玉葬身墓?再说碑铭,即如鄢郢(今宜城)之宋玉墓,清嘉庆二十一年的重修墓碑,碑文的关键内容“阳春白雪千人废,暮雨朝云万古疑”等句,却分明说的郢中故事和宋玉侍楚襄王的事迹,今钟祥还有“阳春白雪”巨碑和嘉靖皇帝之父兴献王亲制的“阳春台赋”汉白玉石巨碑。若以此而定,则宋玉确实是故楚郊郢—郢中人,即今钟祥人无疑了。

“蟋蟀鸣此西堂”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共6个字,诗句拼音为:xī shuài míng cǐ xī táng,诗句平仄:平仄平仄平平。

“无衣裘以御冬兮”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:wú yī qiú yǐ yù dōng xī,诗句平仄:平平平仄仄平平。

“然欿傺而沉藏”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共6个字,诗句拼音为:rán kǎn chì ér chén cáng,诗句平仄:平仄仄平平平。

“罔流涕以聊虑兮”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:wǎng liú tì yǐ liáo lǜ xī,诗句平仄:仄平仄仄平仄平。

“凤皇高飞而不下”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:fèng huáng gāo fēi ér bù xià,诗句平仄:仄平平平平仄仄。

“蹇淹留而踌躇”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共6个字,诗句拼音为:jiǎn yān liú ér chóu chú,诗句平仄:仄平平平平平。

“心缭悷而有哀”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共6个字,诗句拼音为:xīn liáo sàn ér yǒu āi,诗句平仄:平平仄平仄平。

“羌儵忽而难当”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共6个字,诗句拼音为:qiāng shū hū ér nán dāng,诗句平仄:平平平平平平。

“原寄言夫流星兮”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共7个字,诗句拼音为:yuán jì yán fū liú xīng xī,诗句平仄:平仄平平平平平。

“扈屯骑之容容”出自先秦宋玉的《九辩》,诗句共6个字,诗句拼音为:hù tún qí zhī róng róng,诗句平仄:仄平平平平平。

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